Table 1. Patient Characteristics.
| Characteristic | All population (N = 1098) | Population by income quintile | P valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First (n = 207) | Second (n = 233) | Third (n = 219) | Fourth (n = 220) | Fifth (n = 219) | |||
| Median income, mean (SD) [range], $1000 | 75.9 (26.7) [26.1-191.7] | 45.3 (7.4) [26.1-51.9] | 58.1 (4.5) [52.2-63.9] | 74.0 (4.8) [63.9-79.6] | 85.3 (3.8) [79.7-92.1] | 116.4 (22.2) [92.2-191.7] | <.001 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 68.1 (15.7) | 67.8 (15.0) | 68.1 (16.6) | 67.6 (15.6) | 67.7 (15.9) | 69.1 (15.3) | .85 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||
| Asian | 38 (3.5) | 7 (3.4) | 11 (4.7) | 5 (2.3) | 8 (3.6) | 7 (3.2) | <.001 |
| Black | 55 (5.0) | 14 (6.8) | 21 (9.0) | 9 (4.1) | 8 (3.6) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Hispanic | 58 (5.3) | 26 (12.5) | 19 (8.1) | 5 (2.3) | 5 (2.3) | 3 (1.4) | |
| White | 925 (84.2) | 154 (74.4) | 177 (76.0) | 196 (89.5) | 196 (89.1) | 202 (92.2) | |
| Otherb | 22 (2.0) | 6 (2.9) | 5 (2.1) | 4 (1.8) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (1.8) | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Men | 607 (55.3) | 114 (55.1) | 133 (57.1) | 121 (55.3) | 107 (48.6) | 132 (60.3) | .17 |
| Women | 491 (44.7) | 93 (44.9) | 100 (42.9) | 98 (44.7) | 113 (51.4) | 87 (39.7) | |
| Hypertension | 811 (73.9) | 163 (78.7) | 171 (73.4) | 165 (75.3) | 157 (71.4) | 155 (70.8) | .33 |
| Diabetes | 281 (25.6) | 68 (32.9) | 68 (29.2) | 49 (22.4) | 54 (24.5) | 42 (19.2) | .01 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 530 (48.3) | 103 (49.7) | 122 (52.4) | 103 (47.0) | 102 (46.4) | 100 (45.7) | .59 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 248 (22.6) | 41 (19.8) | 54 (23.2) | 50 (22.8) | 49 (22.3) | 54 (24.7) | .82 |
| Current smoking | 185 (16.9) | 45 (21.7) | 46 (19.7) | 29 (13.2) | 36 (16.4) | 29 (13.2) | .10 |
| Coronary artery disease | 225 (20.5) | 42 (20.3) | 54 (23.2) | 47 (21.5) | 36 (16.4) | 46 (21.0) | .48 |
| Congestive heart failure | 72 (6.5) | 14 (6.8) | 21 (9.0) | 12 (5.5) | 13 (5.9) | 12 (5.5) | .51 |
| Prior stroke | 241 (21.9) | 41 (19.8) | 56 (24.0) | 48 (21.9) | 50 (22.7) | 46 (21.0) | .86 |
| Baseline mRS score, median (IQR)c | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | .95 |
| Prior TIA | 83 (7.5) | 15 (7.2) | 19 (8.1) | 20 (9.1) | 13 (5.9) | 16 (7.3) | .77 |
| Prestroke medicationsd | |||||||
| Aspirin | 449 (41.2) | 96 (46.6) | 77 (33.3) | 88 (40.4) | 93 (42.5) | 95 (44.2) | .05 |
| Antiplatelet drugs other than aspirin | 86 (7.9) | 16 (7.8) | 10 (4.3) | 21 (9.6) | 23 (10.5) | 16 (7.4) | .13 |
| Statin | 421 (38.7) | 86 (41.7) | 83 (35.9) | 77 (35.3) | 97 (44.3) | 78 (36.3) | .20 |
| Antihypertensive | 663 (60.9) | 117 (56.8) | 138 (59.7) | 133 (61.0) | 141 (64.4) | 134 (62.3) | .58 |
| Anticoagulant | 108 (9.9) | 26 (12.6) | 24 (10.4) | 20 (9.2) | 16 (7.3) | 22 (10.2) | .47 |
| Insurance | 744 (67.7) | 137 (66.2) | 165 (70.8) | 138 (63.0) | 156 (70.9) | 148 (67.6) | .34 |
| Time from symptom onset to admission, mean (SD), h | 12.9 (5.5) | 12.8 (5.3) | 13.1 (5.9) | 13.0 (5.4) | 12.8 (5.6) | 12.9 (5.4) | .97 |
| Time from admission to MRI, median (IQR), h | 9.40 (4.75-21.98) | 7.88 (4.56-20.73) | 9.33 (4.75-21.51) | 8.28 (5.10-20.66) | 8.68 (4.17-20.64) | 11.36 (5.80-24.61) | .09 |
| Initial clinical severity score, median (IQR)e | 4 (1-10) | 4 (1-12) | 5 (2-12) | 4 (1-10) | 3 (1-9) | 1 (1-9) | .009 |
| Infarct volume, median (IQR), mL | 6.25 (1.30-26.48) | 8.60 (1.50-34.00) | 7.50 (1.75-28.45) | 6.40 (1.40-30.20) | 6.50 (1.13-25.90) | 3.60 (0.90-18.40) | .02 |
| Stroke subtypesf | |||||||
| LAA | 225 (20.6) | 50 (24.5) | 42 (18.2) | 42 (19.2) | 45 (20.5) | 46 (21.1) | .60 |
| CE | 502 (46.0) | 87 (42.6) | 100 (43.3) | 100 (45.7) | 102 (46.6) | 113 (51.8) | |
| SAO | 129 (11.8) | 24 (11.8) | 31 (13.4) | 24 (10.9) | 24 (10.9) | 26 (11.9) | |
| Other | 105 (9.6) | 21 (10.3) | 24 (10.4) | 27 (12.3) | 19 (8.7) | 14 (6.4) | |
| Undetermined | 130 (11.9) | 22 (10.8) | 34 (14.7) | 26 (11.9) | 29 (13.2) | 19 (8.7) | |
| Thrombolytic therapy | |||||||
| Intravenous | 215 (19.6) | 50 (24.2) | 45 (19.3) | 52 (23.7) | 40 (18.2) | 28 (12.8) | .01 |
| Intra-arterial | 52 (4.7) | 12 (5.8) | 13 (5.6) | 10 (4.6) | 8 (3.6) | 9 (4.1) | .66 |
| Stent placement | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | .49 |
| Discharge medications | |||||||
| Aspirin | 709 (64.6) | 144 (69.6) | 136 (58.4) | 148 (67.6) | 139 (63.2) | 142 (64.8) | .12 |
| Antiplatelet drugs other than aspirin | 142 (12.9) | 32 (15.5) | 30 (12.9) | 25 (11.4) | 32 (14.5) | 23 (10.5) | .51 |
| Any antiplatelet | 776 (70.7) | 159 (76.8) | 157 (67.4) | 156 (71.2) | 152 (69.1) | 152 (69.4) | .24 |
| Anticoagulant | 409 (37.2) | 72 (34.8) | 100 (42.9) | 75 (34.2) | 79 (35.9) | 83 (37.9) | .31 |
| Any antiplatelet or anticoagulantg | 974 (88.7) | 183 (88.4) | 203 (87.1) | 197 (89.9) | 196 (89.1) | 195 (89.0) | .91 |
| Statin | 728 (66.3) | 139 (67.1) | 147 (63.1) | 149 (68.0) | 151 (68.6) | 142 (64.8) | .70 |
| Antihypertensive | 562 (51.2) | 111 (53.6) | 118 (50.6) | 119 (54.3) | 111 (50.5) | 103 (47.0) | .55 |
| β-Blockers | 346 (31.5) | 63 (30.4) | 76 (32.6) | 81 (37.0) | 68 (30.9) | 58 (26.5) | .20 |
| ACE inhibitors | 363 (33.1) | 81 (39.3) | 80 (34.3) | 68 (31.1) | 72 (32.7) | 62 (28.3) | .17 |
| Functional outcome score, median (IQR)h | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (0-3) | 1 (0-3) | .001 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CE, cardioaortic embolic; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; SAO, small artery occlusion; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Calculated across group comparisons.
b
Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, more than 1 race or ethnicity, and unknown race or ethnicity.
c
Scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating worse functional outcome.
d
Available for 1091 patients.
e
Assessed by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, ranging from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating more severe stroke.
f
Available for 1091 patients.
g
Of the 1017 patients discharged alive, 974 (95.6%) were discharged receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
h
Assessed by the mRS score.