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. 2022 Apr 14;13:853682. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853682

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Copyright © 2022 Furian, Russo, Zaza, Burra, Hartzell, Bizzaro, Di Bello, Di Bella, Nuzzolese, Agnolon, Florman, Rana, Lee, Kim, Maggiore, Maltzman and Cravedi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Principal component analysis (PCA) of all the assays after second vaccination. (A) Analysis included antibodies against anti-SARS-CoV-2, anti-SARS-CoV-2 variants, and common coronaviruses, and IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell responses. The axes represent the two variables, among all those generated by PCA, that ranked first in terms of proportion of assay variability. The variables are represented by arrows; blue arrows = Fluorospot assays, orange arrows = anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, yellow = serological assays for other coronaviruses. The angle between arrows represents the correlation between assays: assays with the same direction have a correlation coefficient of 1, those with opposite directions have a correlation coefficient of -1. Those that are perpendicular to each other have a correlation coefficient of 0. The patients are represented by data points with individual point size proportional to the quality of representation in the bi-dimensional plot. The plot is based on data after two vaccinations only (T2). The categorical variable type-of-solid-organ-transplantation (i.e. kidney vs liver) is added to the plot as a supplementary variable to visualize how the pattern of correlated variables and cloud of data points are distributed between types of solid organ transplantation. The colored ellipses represent the 95% confidence ellipses of the scatter around overall assay mean of each group (liver = blue or kidney = red). (B) Correlation between the five principal components extracted from PCA and the original variables (assays: T cell reactivity and IgG against SARS-CoV2 antigens and variants and other coronaviruses, including common coronaviruses: HCoV229E-S1, HCoVHKU1-S1, HCoVNL63S-S1, HCoVOC43-S1). As shown by the legend in the rightmost column, the correlation is represented by a color gradient as follows: blue for positive correlation, red for negative correlation, and white for no correlation. The correlation coefficient is represented by a circle, the diameter of which is proportional to the strength of the correlation. The variability explained by the principal components Dim.1 to Dim.5 was 67.7, 8.7, 5.6, 3.8, and 3.5%, respectively (not shown).