Table 3.
Attributable DALYs and age-standardised DALY rate by stroke risk factors in 2019
|
DALYs (95% UI), in thousands |
Age-standardised DALY rate per 100 000 population (95% UI) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | ||
| All risk factors | 40 554 (34 894 to 46233) | 24 471 (20 050 to 29 381) | 16 083 (13 202 to 19 060) | 2089·6 (1805·1 to 2374·8) | 2687·3 (2218·0 to 3194·6) | 1577·7 (1295·0 to 1869·0) | |
| Environmental or occupational risks | |||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 12 847 (10 372 to 15 357) | 7957 (6073 to 9871) | 4891 (3742 to 6151) | 647·6 (525·4 to 772·8) | 840·8 (648·3 to 1035·7) | 474·2 (362·9 to 597·6) | |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 3248 (1665 to 5497) | 1701 (757 to 3069) | 1547 (815 to 2502) | 163·1 (84·2 to 275·8) | 177·5 (79·4 to 318·4) | 149·5 (79·1 to 242·2) | |
| High temperature | 42 (−35 to 179) | 26 (−21 to 116) | 16 (−13 to 67) | 2·3 (−1·9 to 9·8) | 3·1 (−2·4 to 13·6) | 1·6 (−1·3 to 6·8) | |
| Low temperature | 3986 (2950 to 5237) | 2456 (1753 to 3336) | 1530 (1099 to 2051) | 208·6 (155·5 to 273·3) | 276·1 (199·2 to 371·5) | 151·6 (109·1 to 202·4) | |
| Lead exposure | 2650 (1603 to 3792) | 1828 (1135 to 2607) | 822 (436 to 1254) | 135·0 (82·5 to 193·2) | 200·3 (125·8 to 281·7) | 80·1 (42·3 to 122·2) | |
| Tobacco smoking | |||||||
| Smoking | 10 099 (8318 to 12 172) | 9019 (7223 to 11 011) | 1080 (840 to 1370) | 490·5 (405·6 to 589·9) | 905·6 (729·2 to 1100·0) | 103·3 (80·5 to 130·5) | |
| Second-hand smoke | 1948 (1409 to 2569) | 855 (579 to 1184) | 1093 (783 to 1444) | 97·6 (71·5 to 127·2) | 89·8 (62·5 to 123·8) | 105·5 (76·4 to 139·1) | |
| Dietary risks | |||||||
| Diet high in red meat | 4941 (3262 to 6554) | 3045 (1914 to 4196) | 1897 (1232 to 2580) | 247·7 (163·6 to 327·6) | 316·2 (198·1 to 429·3) | 184·4 (120·2 to 250·0) | |
| Diet high in sodium | 9990 (4492 to 16 397) | 6817 (3264 to 11 043) | 3173 (1053 to 5828) | 486·1 (214·7 to 807·5) | 686·7 (323·7 to 1141·0) | 301·1 (98·1 to 559·1) | |
| Diet low in fibre | 926 (221 to 1884) | 542 (125 to 1141) | 384 (93 to 804) | 48·1 (11·6 to 97·0) | 58·6 (14·1 to 122·0) | 38·5 (9·4 to 79·7) | |
| Diet low in fruit | 2601 (1341 to 4279) | 1626 (834 to 2753) | 975 (482 to 1641) | 133·4 (68·5 to 219·1) | 174·7 (89·0 to 296·5) | 96·2 (47·6 to 161·8) | |
| Diet low in vegetables | 124 (89 to 202) | 74 (50 to 127) | 50 (35 to 79) | 6·7 (4·7 to 11·2) | 8·9 (5·8 to 16·3) | 5·0 (3·5 to 8·1) | |
| Diet low in wholegrains | 1061 (257 to 1636) | 608 (149 to 965) | 453 (113 to 709) | 54·7 (13·3 to 83·8) | 66·5 (16·4 to 104·7) | 44·8 (11·1 to 70·0) | |
| Low physical activity | 656 (102 to 1916) | 295 (37 to 969) | 360 (62 to 970) | 38·3 (6·0 to 107·8) | 39·6 (4·8 to 125·4) | 37·6 (6·6 to 99·7) | |
| Alcohol use | 3749 (2570 to 5117) | 3540 (2360 to 4865) | 209 (40 to 405) | 186·4 (127·5 to 255·4) | 373·0 (248·9 to 512·4) | 20·3 (3·9 to 39·5) | |
| Phsyiological factors | |||||||
| High fasting plasma glucose | 7533 (5073 to 11 086) | 4528 (2986 to 6781) | 3006 (1948 to 4491) | 386·0 (256·1 to 577·3) | 496·7 (320·5 to 763·4) | 292·5 (189·0 to 434·9) | |
| High LDL cholesterol | 4428 (2418 to 7710) | 2430 (1353 to 4274) | 1998 (1006 to 3563) | 232·8 (119·6 to 416·2) | 273·6 (136·4 to 498·9) | 199·7 (98·0 to 366·1) | |
| High systolic blood pressure | 25 176 (20 272 to 30 148) | 15 003 (11 241 to 18 824) | 10 174 (7670 to 12 790) | 1279·8 (1028·2 to 1531·4) | 1614·4 (1225·9 to 2022·0) | 987·4 (748·7 to 1247·7) | |
| High body-mass index | 8188 (3891 to 13 434) | 4999 (2303 to 8263) | 3189 (1484 to 5383) | 397·5 (188·6 to 654·5) | 493·5 (231·7 to 820·2) | 301·8 (138·7 to 509·2) | |
| Impaired kidney function | 3673 (2904 to 4452) | 2003 (1511 to 2520) | 1670 (1276 to 2114) | 184·4 (143·9 to 223·6) | 211·0 (159·7 to 267·1) | 161·0 (121·7 to 204·3) | |
| Cluster of risk factors* | |||||||
| AIr pollution | 16 095 (13 485 to 18 895) | 9658 (7742 to 11 758) | 6437 (5248 to 7790) | 810·7 (682·1 to 945·7) | 1018·3 (823·0 to 1236·2) | 623·7 (507·8 to 753·1) | |
| Non-optimal temperature | 4026 (3022 to 5283) | 2481 (1770 to 3345) | 1545 (1115 to 2082) | 210·8 (158·5 to 273·9) | 279·1 (202·2 to 372·0) | 153·1 (110·8 to 205·8) | |
| Tobacco smoking | 11 677 (9752 to 13 938) | 9569 (7674 to 11 701) | 2108 (1669 to 2647) | 570·4 (477·5 to 679·0) | 965·7 (781·0 to 1171·8) | 202·7 (160·0 to 253·8) | |
| Dietary risks | 16 729 (11 517 to 22 375) | 10 742 (7373 to 14 763) | 5987 (3889 to 8481) | 833·8 (572·5 to 1119·9) | 1115·1 (764·2 to 1539·3) | 578·6 (375·1 to 818·4) | |
| Behaviourial risks | 25 254 (20 354 to 30 596) | 17 535 (13 999 to 21 554) | 7719 (5597 to 10 219) | 1264·3 (1017·5 to 1534·5) | 1841·5 (1475·3 to 2256·6) | 748·3 (542·8 to 990·0) | |
| Environmental or occupational risks | 20 266 (17 179 to 23 407) | 12 319 (9998 to 14 923) | 7947 (6416 to 9539) | 1031·2 (874·8 to 1190·2) | 1324·6 (1083·1 to 1586·6) | 774·3 (626·4 to 928·7) | |
| Metabolic risks | 31 582 (26 245 to 36 814) | 18 680 (14 763 to 22 960) | 12 902 (10 208 to 15 689) | 1617·8 (1344·7 to 1882·4) | 2031·4 (1608·0 to 2481·6) | 1259·8 (995·3 to 1534·2) | |
DALY=disability-adjusted life-year. UI=uncertainty interval.
*
Air pollution cluster includes ambient particulate matter pollution and household air pollution from solid fuels. Non-optimal temperature cluster includes low temperature and high temperature. Tobacco smoking cluster includes smoking and second-hand smoking. Dietary risks cluster includes diet high in red meat, diet high in sodium, diet low in fibre, diet low in fruits, diet low in vegetables, diet low in whole grains, and alcohol use. Behavioural risks cluster includes tobacco smoking cluster, dietary risks cluster, and low physical activity. Environmental or occupational risks cluster includes air pollution cluster, non-optimal temperature cluster, and lead exposure. Metabolic risks cluster includes high fasting plasma glucose, high LDL cholesterol, high systolic blood pressure, high body-mass index, and impaired kidney function.