TABLE 1.

Descriptors for the children’s characteristics and the mathematical ability tests considered in this study.

			Math fluency		Calculation		Applied problems		Quantitative concepts
Grade	Boys/girls	Age	Score	Est. grade	Score	Est. grade	Score	Est. grade	Score	Est. grade
3	9/15	8.5 (0.33)	37.6 (6.9)	2.8	13.0 (2.4)	3.3	29.7 (3.0)	3.0	16.9 (2.1)	3.4
4	15/9	9.4 (0.39)	46.5 (11.3)	3.6	16.8 (2.1)	4.7	33.8 (4.4)	4.1	19.4 (2.8)	4.7
5	12/5	10.6 (0.37)	62.4 (18.6)	5.0	18.4 (1.8)	5.4	35.8 (3.5)	4.7	20.6 (1.6)	5.1
6	7/5	11.6 (0.27)	63.3 (19.6)	5.1	19.3 (2.1)	5.9	39.3 (5.2)	6.1	22.8 (2.1)	6.4
All	43/34	9.7 (1.15)	49.9 (17.2)	–	16.3 (3.2)	–	33.8 (5.1)	–	19.4 (3.0)	–

Values are presented as mean (standard deviation).

Est. grade, estimated grade mean provided by each test.