Figure 1. Conceptual Framework.

Conceptual framework of our study is adapted from Bernardini and colleagues.¹⁹ Reading from left to right for the time dimension (longitudinal trajectories of short- and long-term COVID-19 outcomes), and top to bottom for the space dimension (multilevel nature of social determinants of health [SDoH]). The dark blue box denotes the levels of SDoH (individual, structural). The green circle denotes the influences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pink circle denotes the child mental health outcomes. Yellow boxes denote the preexisting SDoH. Light blue boxes and circles denote the time-varying SDoH. The red box denotes the demographic characteristics. Green arrows represent time-varying SDoH as direct risks and mediators. Solid yellow arrows denote the direct effect of preexisting SDoH. Dashed red arrows are the possible moderating association of preexisting SDoH that was not tested in the current study (eTable 2 in the Supplement). ADI indicates Area Deprivation Index (eTable 1 in the Supplement).