Table. Demographic Characteristics, Social Determinants of Health (SDoH), and Mental Health of the Study Sample From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, May 2020 to April 2021a.
| Characteristic | Survey 1 (May 16-22, 2020) | Survey 2 (Jun 24-27, 2020) | Survey 3 (Aug 4-5, 2020) | Survey 4 (Oct 8, 2020) | Survey 5 (Dec 13, 2020) | Survey 6 (Mar 2, 2021) | ABCD main sample at baseline |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 9.93 (0.63) | 9.92 (0.62) | 9.91 (0.62) | 9.92 (0.63) | 9.93 (0.63) | 9.91 (0.62) | 9.91 (0.61) |
| Age group, No. (%) | |||||||
| 8-9 y | 5797 (55.40) | 5621 (55.71) | 4767 (56.33) | 4384 (55.70) | 3876 (55.28) | 4659 (56.13) | 6678 (56.38) |
| 10-11 y | 4667 (44.60) | 4468 (44.29) | 3695 (43.67) | 3487 (44.30) | 3135 (44.72) | 3641 (43.87) | 5166 (43.62) |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||||||
| Male | 5453 (52.11) | 5393 (53.45) | 4384 (51.81) | 4003 (50.86) | 3679 (52.47) | 4229 (50.95) | 6182 (52.20) |
| Female | 5011 (47.89) | 4696 (46.55) | 4078 (48.19) | 3868 (49.14) | 3332 (47.53) | 4071 (49.05) | 5662 (47.80) |
| Race and ethnicity, No. (%) | |||||||
| Asian | 245 (2.34) | 205 (2.03) | 203 (2.40) | 172 (2.19) | 177 (2.53) | 216 (2.60) | 250 (2.11) |
| Black | 1213 (11.59) | 1235 (12.24) | 978 (11.56) | 875 (11.12) | 741 (10.57) | 845 (10.18) | 1778 (15.01) |
| Hispanic | 2029 (19.39) | 1809 (17.94) | 1538 (18.19) | 1460 (18.56) | 1324 (18.89) | 1576 (18.99) | 2406 (20.32) |
| Other/multiracialb | 1124 (10.74) | 1127 (11.17) | 884 (10.45) | 817 (10.38) | 700 (9.99) | 837 (10.09) | 1243 (10.50) |
| White | 5851 (55.93) | 5710 (56.61) | 4854 (57.40) | 4544 (57.75) | 4067 (58.03) | 4824 (58.13) | 6165 (52.06) |
| Preexisting SDoH (individual), No. (%) | |||||||
| Household income, $ | |||||||
| <50 000 | 2332 (24.24) | 2423 (25.67) | 1836 (23.39) | 1778 (24.21) | 1566 (24.01) | 1799 (23.25) | 3215 (29.69) |
| ≥50 000 | 2746 (28.54) | 2840 (30.09) | 2322 (29.59) | 2212 (30.12) | 1907 (29.24) | 2300 (29.72) | 3066 (28.32) |
| >100 000 | 4544 (47.23) | 4175 (44.24) | 3690 (47.02) | 3353 (45.66) | 3048 (46.74) | 3640 (47.03) | 4547 (41.99) |
| Parent education | |||||||
| ≥Bachelor’s degree | 6813 (65.23) | 6580 (65.27) | 5686 (67.28) | 5191 (66.01) | 4689 (66.96) | 5540 (66.80) | 7035 (59.47) |
| <Bachelor’s degree | 3632 (34.77) | 3501 (34.73) | 2765 (32.72) | 2673 (33.99) | 2314 (33.04) | 2754 (33.20) | 4795 (40.53) |
| Parent marital status | |||||||
| Married | 7576 (72.85) | 7113 (70.90) | 6209 (73.74) | 5676 (72.31) | 5161 (73.92) | 6106 (73.96) | 7968 (67.82) |
| Widowed | 51 (0.49) | 73 (0.73) | 80 (0.95) | 63 (0.80) | 42 (0.60) | 60 (0.73) | 97 (0.83) |
| Divorced | 925 (8.90) | 903 (9.00) | 705 (8.37) | 718 (9.15) | 634 (9.08) | 750 (9.08) | 1078 (9.18) |
| Separated | 330 (3.17) | 371 (3.70) | 259 (3.08) | 241 (3.07) | 215 (3.08) | 247 (2.99) | 464 (3.95) |
| Never married | 988 (9.50) | 1065 (10.61) | 758 (9.00) | 769 (9.80) | 628 (8.99) | 688 (8.33) | 1453 (12.37) |
| Living with partner | 529 (5.09) | 508 (5.06) | 409 (4.86) | 383 (4.88) | 302 (4.33) | 405 (4.91) | 688 (5.86) |
| Preexisting SDoH (structural), No. (%) | |||||||
| Area Deprivation Indexc | |||||||
| Least deprived | 1962 (35.76) | 1782 (33.45) | 1573 (34.88) | 1423 (33.91) | 1329 (34.85) | 1607 (35.64) | 2940 (35.56) |
| Intermediate deprived | 1815 (33.08) | 1791 (33.62) | 1583 (35.10) | 1431 (34.10) | 1278 (33.51) | 1523 (33.78) | 2768 (33.48) |
| Most deprived | 1709 (31.15) | 1754 (32.93) | 1354 (30.02) | 1343 (32.00) | 1207 (31.65) | 1379 (30.58) | 2559 (30.95) |
| Time-varying SDoH (individual), No. (%) | |||||||
| Food insecurity | |||||||
| Worried about food | 1714 (17.53) | 1378 (15.12) | 1148 (14.43) | 955 (14.35) | 824 (13.70) | 901 (13.15) | NA |
| Cannot afford food | 600 (6.15) | 543 (5.95) | 482 (6.07) | 375 (5.64) | 320 (5.34) | 320 (4.68) | NA |
| Unemployed family member | 4594 (47.25) | 4382 (48.30) | 3899 (49.23) | 3148 (47.44) | 2828 (47.24) | 3137 (46.04) | NA |
| Disrupted health service accessd | |||||||
| Medical health care | 3786 (75.96) | 4697 (76.03) | 3795 (76.64) | 3652 (76.53) | 3386 (77.09) | 3288 (76.86) | NA |
| Mental health treatment | 1672 (34.20) | 2174 (35.33) | 1693 (34.20) | 1622 (33.99) | 1486 (33.83) | 1424 (33.29) | NA |
| Time-varying SDoH (structural), No. (%) | |||||||
| COVID-19 prevalencee | |||||||
| Cases | 1269.37 (1733.60) | 1418.94 (1746.49) | 1655.07 (1839.90) | 1813.21 (1902.86) | 2156.35 (2246.08) | 1843.78 (2063.35) | NA |
| New cases | 15.67 (20.62) | 17.38 (21.08) | 18.79 (21.65) | 19.02 (22.07) | 24.22 (28.30) | 20.32 (24.80) | NA |
| Deaths | 33.48 (38.76) | 37.45 (41.28) | 39.87 (41.48) | 42.45 (42.05) | 44.51 (44.51) | 41.87 (42.61) | NA |
| New deaths | 0.28 (0.49) | 0.23 (0.38) | 0.27 (0.53) | 0.25 (0.60) | 0.27 (0.51) | 0.26 (0.48) | NA |
| Social distancef | |||||||
| Distance traveled | 2514.79 (8060.64) | 2416.21 (3833.93) | 2440.65 (6932.65) | 2512.49 (6318.27) | 2525.63 (10504.66) | 2515.02 (9619.17) | NA |
| Home dwelling | 806.60 (271.63) | 762.78 (266.08) | 764.56 (265.36) | 762.69 (259.49) | 784.47 (276.62) | 779.07 (266.86) | NA |
| Device at home | 0.34 (0.10) | 0.33 (0.10) | 0.33 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.34 (0.10) | 0.33 (0.10) | NA |
| Full-time job | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | NA |
| Part-time job | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | NA |
| Vaccinationg | |||||||
| Adults eligible for vaccination | |||||||
| Before April 2021 | 1751 (23.92) | 1892 (24.96) | 1688 (24.62) | 1638 (24.50) | 1464 (24.11) | 1430 (24.10) | NA |
| April 1-14, 2021 | 3158 (43.14) | 3314 (43.72) | 2974 (43.38) | 2950 (44.12) | 2653 (43.70) | 2564 (43.21) | NA |
| After April 15, 2021 | 2411 (32.94) | 2374 (31.32) | 2194 (32.00) | 2099 (31.39) | 1954 (32.19) | 1940 (32.69) | NA |
| Adults fully vaccinated, quantile | |||||||
| First | 1817 (24.82) | 2007 (26.48) | 1789 (26.09) | 1725 (25.80) | 1512 (24.91) | 1493 (25.16) | NA |
| Second | 2146 (29.32) | 2057 (27.14) | 1845 (26.91) | 1774 (26.53) | 1647 (27.13) | 1607 (27.08) | NA |
| Third | 1473 (20.12) | 1596 (21.06) | 1460 (21.30) | 1440 (21.53) | 1333 (21.96) | 1260 (21.23) | NA |
| Fourth | 1884 (25.74) | 1920 (25.33) | 1762 (25.70) | 1748 (26.14) | 1579 (26.01) | 1574 (26.53) | NA |
| Mental health | |||||||
| Perceived stress | 5.57 (2.97) | 5.28 (2.82) | 5.08 (2.81) | 5.60 (2.96) | 5.73 (2.94) | 5.71 (3.03) | NA |
| COVID-19 worry | 2.39 (1.05) | 2.36 (1.02) | 2.29 (0.99) | 2.33 (1.01) | 2.34 (1.05) | 2.21 (1.01) | NA |
| NIH-Toolbox sadness T scoresh | 49.34 (10.99) | 48.30 (11.11) | 49.62 (12.49) | ||||
| NIH-Toolbox positive affect T scoresh | 45.59 (13.30) | 45.26 (13.30) | 45.33 (12.97) | NA |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; NIH, National Institutes of Health.
Details of each variable measure can be found in eTable 2 in the Supplement.
The other/multiracial category indicates that no specific racial and ethnic group was identified, and primary caregivers were allowed to choose multiple racial subgroups for children.
Area Deprivation Index was used to quantify neighborhood disadvantage and specifically test its association with racial disparities in COVID-19 positivity (detailed descriptions in eTable 1 in the Supplement).
Health service access includes 2 categories: no change and disrupted access, including mild (appointments moved to telehealth), moderate (delays or cancellations in appointments and/or delays in getting prescriptions; changes have minimal impact on health), and severe (unable to access needed care).
County-level, normalized by population, per 100 000. Data were geocoded using COVID-19 infection and mortality rates from the Center of Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University.
Distance traveled, home dwelling, and device at home were measured by census block/meters; full-time job and part-time job social mobilities were measured by census block ratio. Social distancing data were from Social Distancing Metrics (SafeGraph).
Vaccination eligibility is cross-sourced from The New York Times and US News & World Report based on information from state and county health departments.
Sadness and positive affect were measured using 8 items (sadness) and 9 items (positive affect) from the NIH Toolbox emotion battery. Each item was administered a 5-point scale (from 1 = never to 5 = almost always). We followed the NIH Toolbox Scoring and Interpretation Guide29 and calculated the uncorrected standard score (T score). Higher scores indicate more sadness (eg, feeling lonely, sad, unhappy) and more positive affect (eg, feeling happiness, joy, serenity, peace).