Table 1.

Summary of included studies (N=11).

Study	Country	Year	Eligibility	Sample size, n	Intervention	Measurement method for WTPa	Patients willing to pay	WTP	Standardized WTP (US $ in 2021)
Bradford et al [30]	United States	HTNb clinical study (1999-2000), CHFc clinical study (2000-2001)	Patients were recruited from a HTN and CHF study; eligibility criteria was not stated	34	Telemedicine for HTN: peripherals send information on blood pressure, temperature, weight, heart function, and so on. Telemedicine under CHF: weight scale, blood pressure monitor, pulse oximeter, stethoscope, handheld ECGd, and a base PC platform	CVMe	At US $29.96, 32% of the population with HTN would pay out of pocket to access telemedicine. At US $29.96, >45% of the population with CHF would be willing to pay out of pocket for telemedicine access	The dollar amount when randomly varied among patients had a normal distribution with a US $20 mean (per visit)	US $29.96 per visit
Bettiga et al [33]	Italy	N/Af,g (paper’s year of publication will be used as a reference for currency standardization)	Healthy patients without HTN	350	Mobile health technologies that are connected to the internet and made accessible via smartphones	Survey	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fletcher et al [36]	United Kingdom	June 3-20, 2016	Patients with self-reported HTN who were aged ≥18 years	212	Telemedicine for HTN management	DCEh	N/A	A total of €374.74 (US $414.76), €398.98 (US $441.59), and €673.45 (US $745.37) for a 10%, 15%, and 25% reduction in 5-year cardiovascular disease risk, respectively	US $456.99, US $486. 55, and US $821.25 for a 10%, 15%, and 25% reduction in 5-year cardiovascular disease risk, respectively
Losiouk et al [29]	Italy	A clinical trial conducted in 2015	Participants in the baseline and poststudy questionnaire were parents of children with diabetes	167	Web-based telemonitoring service that allowed parents to oversee their child	Questionnaire	N/A	Median WTP of €200 (US $265.68) annually	Median of US $246.40 annually
Park et al [37]	South Korea	Patients were surveyed from October to November 2009. Physicians were surveyed in January 2010.	Patients surveyed visited outpatient clinics at 2 tertiary care hospitals for diabetes	41	Telemedicine for diabetes management	Conjoint analysis	N/A	Marginal WTP for comprehensiveness of service is ₩16,957 (US $15.26) monthly. WTP for mobile phone over internet-based medical services is ₩15,899 (US $14.31) monthly. WTP for general hospital over physician-based services is ₩15,143 (US $13.63) monthly	US $18.43 monthly for service comprehensiveness. US $17.27 monthly for mobile phone over internet-based services. US $16.46 monthly for general hospital over physician-based services
Snoswell et al [34]	Australia	N/Ai	Voluntary participants from the SKINj Research Project RCTk were included if they owned or could access an iPhone compatible with the study’s dermoscopic attachments. Participants were excluded if in the last 5 years, they were diagnosed with melanoma	118	Direct-to-consumer teledermoscopy, which allows patients to interact directly with their dermatologists	DCE	N/A	Marginal WTP of Aus $1.18 (US $0.88) to switch from a GPl visitation to mobile teledermoscopy; WTP of Aus $43 (US $32.14) to switch from a GP to a dermatologist; WTP of Aus $117 (US $87.46) to switch to an increased chance of melanoma detection	Marginal WTP of US $0.89 to switch from a GP visitation to mobile teledermoscopy; WTP of US $32.25 to switch from a GP to a dermatologist; WTP of US $87.75 to switch to an increased chance of melanoma detection
Bergmo and Wangberg [38]	Norway	The RCT was conducted from 2002 to 2003	The study’s participants were aged ≥18 years who had internet access and were keen on communicating with their GP electronically	151	Intervention groups were given access to an electronic communication system for communication with their GP	Questionnaire	Of participants, 51% expressed a positive WTP, 21% expressed a WTP of 0, and 28% declined to answer	The mean WTP for the intervention group is €4.52 (US $5.11), whereas that of the control group is €6.78 (US $7.66). WTP are expressed per web-based consultation session	The intervention group has a mean WTP of US $7.36, and the control group has a mean WTP of US $11.04
Scherrenberg et al [39]	Belgium	July to August 2020	Patients From Jessa Hospital	93	Remote cardiac rehabilitation exposure via telephone, video consultations. or live exercise	DCE	Of patients, 70% were willing to pay as much for telerehabilitation as center-based CRm	N/A	N/A
Ramchandran et al [31]	United States	2017	Participants had diabetes, had to be cognitively and medically fit to be interviewed or participate in the focus group held in English. Participants had to have a dilated eye examination, be assessed through teleophthalmology, or did not visit an eye physician in the past 2 years	23	Teleophthalmology, which utilizes a camera-based retinopathy exam in noneye care settings for remote image assessment	Survey	Of patients, >50% indicated their WTP to be US $32.38 or US $43.18	WTP was the amount patients usually copay (not stated)	Of patients, >50% indicated their WTP to be US $32.38 or US $43.18
Spinks et al [35]	Australia	N/An	To be included, participants had to be aged 50-64 years, reside in Queensland, and have moderate or high melanoma risk	35	Teledermoscopy images for review by teledermatologists	DCE	N/A	Participants had a WTP of Aus $110 (US $101.20) to move from choosing between SSEo, skin cancer clinic, and GP screening to a scenario where teledermoscopy and dermatologists are offered	Participants had a WTP of US $89.70 to move from choosing between SSE, skin cancer, clinic and GP screening to a scenario where teledermoscopy and dermatologists are offered
Bradford et al [32]	United States	Clinical trial conducted from 2000 to 2001.	Patients with CHF discharged from CHF-relevant inpatient stays	126	A PC-dependent system that collected clinical data for care and monitoring of patients with CHF	DBDCp CVM	Of patients, 55% had a WTP of US $29.96 for telemedicine rather than in-person care at the physician’s office. Of patients, 19% had a WTP of US $59.91 for telemedicine rather than in-person care at the physician’s office	WTP of US $20 and US $40 per visit	WTP of US $29.96 and US $59.91 per visit

^aWTP: willingness to pay.

^bHTN: hypertension.

^cCHF: chronic heart failure.

^dECG: electrocardiogram.

^eCVM: contingent valuation method.

^fN/A: not applicable.

^gThe paper’s year of publication in 2020 will be cited as the year in which the study is conducted, as the time frame for when the intervention was conducted was not provided.

^hDCE: discrete choice experiment.

ⁱThe paper’s year of publication in 2018 will be cited as the year in which the study was conducted, as the year of study was not reported in the paper.

^jSKIN: Skin Innovation.

^kRCT: randomized control trial.

^lGP: general practitioner.

^mCR: cardiac rehabilitation.

ⁿThe paper’s year of publication in 2016 will be cited as the year in which the study was conducted, as the year of study was not reported in the paper.

^oSSE: skin self-examination.

^pDBDC: double-bounded dichotomous choice.