Table 3.

Quality appraisal of the included studies.

Question	Bradford et al [30]	Bettiga et al [33]	Fletcher et al [36]	Losiouk et al [29]	Park et al [37]	Snoswell et al [34]	Bergmo and Wangberg [38]	Scherrenberg et al [39]	Ramchandran et al [31]	Spinks et al [35]	Bradford et al [32]
1. Did the study address a clearly focused question or issue?	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
2. Is the research method (study design) appropriate for answering the research question?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes
3. Is the method for the selection of the participants (employees, teams, divisions, and organizations) clearly described?	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
4. Could the way the sample was obtained introduce (selection) bias	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
5. Was the sample of participants representative with regard to the population to which the findings will be referred?	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes
6. Was the sample size based on prestudy considerations of statistical power?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
7. Was a satisfactory response rate achieved?	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
8. Are the measurements (questionnaires) likely to be valid and reliable?	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes
9. Was the statistical significance assessed?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
10. Are CIs given for the main results?	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
11. Could there be confounding factors that have not been accounted for?	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Cannot tell	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
12. Can the results be applied to your organization?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes