TABLE 1.
Summary of the main inflammatory molecules in AF pathogenesis.
| Levels in blood (Reported AF type) | Levels in atrial tissue | Contribution to AF substrate formation | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP | ↑ (AF, postoperative AF, AF recurrence) | NR | Minor (Just biomarker reflecting the systemic inflammation) | Dernellis and Panaretou, (2001) |
| Chung et al. (2001) | ||||
| Aviles et al. (2003) | ||||
| Marcus et al. (2010) | ||||
| Wu et al. (2013) | ||||
| IL-6 | ↑ (AF, postoperative AF, AF recurrence) | ↑ | Alteration of electrophysiological property of cardiomyocyte, Promotion of fibrosis | Ishida et al. (2006) |
| Marcus et al. (2008) | ||||
| Qu et al. (2009) | ||||
| Yamashita et al. (2010) | ||||
| Wu et al. (2013) | ||||
| Corradi et al. (2014) | ||||
| Amdur et al. (2016) | ||||
| Abe et al. (2018) | ||||
| Lazzerini et al. (2019) | ||||
| IL-8 | ↑ (postoperative AF) | ↑ | Minor | Wu et al. (2008) |
| Corradi et al. (2014) | ||||
| Anatolevna et al. (2016) | ||||
| TNF | ↑ (AF) | ↑ | Alteration of electrophysiological property of cardiomyocyte, Promotion of fibrosis | Sawaya et al. (2007) |
| Lee et al. (2007) | ||||
| Qu et al. (2009) | ||||
| Li et al. (2010) | ||||
| Corradi et al. (2014) | ||||
| Abe et al. (2018) | ||||
| HSP27 | ↓ (AF) | ↓ | Protective effect via protein quality control in cardiomyocyte | Brundel et al. (2006a) |
| Brundel et al. (2006b) | ||||
| Hu et al. (2012) | ||||
| Li and Brundel, (2020) | ||||
| cfDNA | ↑ (AF) | NR | Induction of further inflammation | Yamazoe et al. (2021) |
| NF-κB | N/A | ↑ | Alteration of electrophysiological property of cardiomyocyte, Induction of further inflammation | Shang et al. (2008) |
| Qu et al. (2009) | ||||
| Xu et al. (2018) | ||||
| NLRP3 | N/A | ↑ | Alteration of electrophysiological property of cardiomyocyte | Yao et al. (2018) |
N/A, not applicable; NR, not reported.