TABLE 1.
Baseline participant characteristics between medication groups.
| Participant characteristics Mean ± SD (range) or N (frequency) | Metformin only (MET) | Statin only (STAT) | Combined therapy (MET + STAT) | Neither medication (PLA) | Whole model main effect between groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Total N | 29 | 14 | 17 | 34 | 94 |
| Age (yrs) | 70.0 ± 5.4 (64.8–91.2) | 70.5 ± 4.3 (64.6–77.6) | 69.9 ± 3.9 (65.3–80.3) | 71.0 ± 4.6 (64.4–82.8) | 0.84 |
| Sex (% F) | 17/29 F (59%) | 6/14 F (43%)* | 5/17 F (29%)* | 23/34 F (68%) | 0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 26.3 ± 2.9 (20.2–31.5) | 27.4 ± 2.6* (22.5–30.3) | 28.0 ± 3.4* (22.0–33.9) | 24.9 ± 2.9 (18.56–30.3) | 0.003 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Statin Dose (%) | |||||
| High | N/A | 2 (15%) | 5 (29%) | N/A | 0.49 |
| Moderate | 10 (70%) | 11 (65%) | |||
| Low | 2 (15%) | 1 (6%) | |||
| # of hypertension drugs per person | 0.4 ± 0.7 (0-2) | 1.2 ± 1.0*^ (0-3) | 1.1 ± 1.0*^ (0-3) | 0.3 ± 0.6 (0-2) | 0.0001 |
| # of anti-inflammatories per person (NSAIDs/Fish Oil) | 0.8 ± 0.9 (0-3) | 0.9 ± 0.8 (0-2) | 1.3 ± 1.0* (0-3) | 0.4 ± 0.8 (0-3) | 0.006 |
| Exercise Adherence | |||||
| Sessions attended (%) | 95.7 | 97.5 | 96.9 | 97.7 | 0.41 |
| Baseline muscle mass, function, and physical activity | |||||
| Total N | 28 | 13 | 16 | 31 | 88 |
| DXA bilateral thigh muscle mass adjusted to femur length a | 252.9 ± 43.9* (170.6–324.0) | 253.5 ± 53.8 (187.1–329.2) | 279.1 ± 41.2* (202.5–344.8) | 223.1 ± 36.0 (160.6–290.9) | 0.002 |
| Leg extension 1 RM strength adjusted to thigh muscle mass b | 0.01 ± 0.003 (0.004–0.02) | 0.01 ± 0.002 (0.004–0.01) | 0.01 ± 0.003 (0.005–0.02) | 0.01 ± 0.003 (0.004–0.01) | 0.11 |
| PASE c physical activity score | 182.5 ± 75.5 (55-348.2) | 169.0 ± 105.5 (56.4–492.5) | 185.9 ± 50.2 (95.6–244.7) | 147.5 ± 63.9 (52.5–386.5) | 0.19 |
| Percent change in function after resistance training | |||||
| Change in leg extension 1RM strength (%) | 17.9 ± 19.6 (-27.8–79.8) | 14.0 ± 18.5 (-5.8-42.1) | 9.4 ± 14.8 (-19.2–37.8) | 20.9 ± 19.3 (-10.5–91.4) | 0.22 |
Baseline characteristics of participant group designations are shown. Differences were not found between those taking statins (STAT, vs. MET + STAT) and sex differences between groups accounted for BMI, and muscle mass differences seen.
a
DXA, muscle mass in grams normalized to femur length in cm.
b
One repetition-max (1RM) strength in kg normalized to thigh muscle mass in grams.
c
Physical Activity Survey in the Elderly.
*Significantly different from PLA, group following post-hoc testing, ^ Significantly different from MET, group following post-hoc testing.