Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and blood glucose monitoring results.
| Without NAH | With NAH | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 237) | (n = 76) | ||
| Age (years) | 55.4 ± 14.1 | 51.7 ± 15.5 | 0.058 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 6.0 (2.0,11.0) | 5.0 (3.0,13.0) | 0.445 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 3.2 | 0.217 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 0.933 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | 1.5 (0.9,2.3) | 0.9 (0.3,1.9) | 5.691 |
| Medication (%) | |||
| Metformin | 64 (28.2) | 21 (29.2) | 0.873 |
| DPP-4i | 34 (15) | 11 (15.3) | 0.951 |
| α-GI | 46 (20.3) | 11 (15.3) | 0.348 |
| TZD | 5 (2.2) | 3 (4.2) | 0.368 |
| GLP-1RA | 4 (1.8) | 1 (1.4) | 0.830 |
| SU | 49 (21.6) | 18 (25) | 0.545 |
| SGLT-2i | 8 (3.5) | 2 (2.8) | 0.759 |
| Long-acting insulin | 50 (22.0) | 15 (20.8) | 0.831 |
| Premixed insulin | 27 (11.9) | 6 (8.3) | 0.401 |
| Short-acting insulin | 38 (16.7) | 11 (15.3) | 0.770 |
| Comorbidity (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 28 (12.3) | 9 (12.5) | 0.970 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 35 (15.4) | 12 (16.7) | 0.800 |
| Fatty liver | 11 (4.9) | 5 (6.9) | 0.491 |
| CCVD | 19 (8.4) | 7 (9.7) | 0.723 |
| Complication (%) | |||
| DR | 31 (13.7) | 13 (18.1) | 0.359 |
| DPN | 31 (13.7) | 9 (12.5) | 0.802 |
| DPVD | 10 (4.4) | 4 (18.1) | 0.687 |
| DN | 11 (4.9) | 4 (5.6) | 0.810 |
| DF | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0.424 |
| CGM data | |||
| SD (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| MBG (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 2.2 | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 0.002 |
| MAGE (mmol/L) | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 5.2 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| TIR (%) | 90 (70,100) | 80 (70,90) | 9.895 |
| SMBG data | |||
| LAGE (mmol/L) | 3.8 ± 1.9 | 4.6 ± 2.3 | 0.007 |
NAH, nocturnal asymptomatic hypoglycemia; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; α-GI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SU, sulfonylurea; SGLT-2i, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; CCVD, cardio-cerebral vascular disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DPVD, diabetic peripheral vascular disease; DN, diabetic nephropathy; DF, diabetic foot; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; SD, glucose standard deviation; MBG, mean blood glucose; MAGE, mean amplitude of plasma glucose excursion; TIR, time in range (3.9–10.0 mmol/L); SMBG, self-monitoring blood glucose; LAGE, largest amplitude of glycemic excursion. P < 0.05 was considered significant.