Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of STEMI and NSTEMI patients with respect to SMuRF (including obesity) (n = 20,476).
| Overall | STEMI | NSTEMI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
SMuRF-less n = 811 |
≥1 SMuRF n = 19,675 |
P -value |
SMuRF-less n = 578 |
≥1 SMuRF n = 11,821 |
P -value |
SMuRF-less n = 233 |
≥1 SMuRF n = 7,854 |
P -value | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 58.9 (51.9–67.3) |
58.2 (51.2–66.6) |
0.042 | 59.9 (52.2–67.8) |
57.7 (50.8–65.7) |
<0.001 | 58.0 (51.6–66.0) |
59.2 (51.7–67.9) |
0.242 |
| Male, n (%) | 607 (74.9) | 16,238 (82.5) | <0.001 | 436 (75.4) | 10,067 (85.2) | <0.001 | 171 (73.4) | 6,171 (78.6) | 0.058 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||||||
| Chinese | 614 (75.7) | 12,487 (63.5) | <0.001 | 432 (74.7) | 7,432 (62.9) | <0.001 | 182 (78.1) | 5,055 (64.4) | <0.001 |
| Malay | 59 (7.3) | 3,865 (19.6) | 38 (6.6) | 2,409 (20.4) | 21 (9.0) | 1,456 (18.5) | |||
| South Asian | 119 (14.7) | 2,989 (15.2) | 92 (15.9) | 1,788 (15.1) | 27 (11.6) | 1,201 (15.3) | |||
| Others | 19 (2.3) | 334 (1.7) | 16 (2.8) | 192 (1.6) | 3 (1.3) | 142 (1.8) | |||
| Risk factors | |||||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 | 11,348 (57.7) | 0 | 6,282 (53.1) | 0 | 5,066 (64.5) | |||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0 | 7,341 (37.3) | 0 | 4,242 (35.9) | 0 | 3,099 (39.5) | |||
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0 | 13,035 (66.3) | 0 | 7,381 (62.4) | 0 | 5,654 (72.0) | |||
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||||
| Current | 0 | 9,165 (46.6) | 0 | 6,052 (51.2) | 0 | 3,113 (39.6) | |||
| Former | 0 | 2,817 (14.3) | 0 | 1,549 (13.1) | 0 | 1,268 (16.1) | |||
| Never | 811 (100) | 7,693 (39.1) | 578 (100) | 4,220 (35.7) | 233 (100) | 3,473 (44.2) | |||
| Obese, n (%) | 0 | 5,356 (27.2) | 0 | 3,025 (25.6) | 0 | 2,331 (29.7) | |||
| Body mass index in kg/m2, median (IQR) | 23.3 (21.5–24.9) |
24.9 (22.6–27.8) |
23.1 (21.5–24.9) |
24.8 (22.5–27.6) |
23.4 (21.5–25.0) |
25.1 (22.8–28.1) |
|||
| Total number of SMuRFs, n (%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 811 (100) | 0 | 578 (100) | 0 | 233 (100) | 0 | |||
| 1 | 0 | 4,105 (20.9) | 0 | 2,764 (23.4) | 0 | 1,341 (17.1) | |||
| 2 | 0 | 6,237 (31.7) | 0 | 3,823 (32.3) | 0 | 2,414 (30.7) | |||
| 3 | 0 | 5,570 (28.3) | 0 | 3,204 (27.1) | 0 | 2,366 (30.1) | |||
| 4 | 0 | 3,042 (15.5) | 0 | 1,641 (13.9) | 0 | 1,401 (17.8) | |||
| 5 | 0 | 721 (3.7) | 0 | 389 (3.3) | 0 | 332 (4.2) | |||
| Total cholesterol in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 4.9 (4.3–5.3) | 5.2 (4.3–6.0) | <0.001 | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) | 5.1 (4.4–6.0) | <0.001 | 5.0 (4.6–5.5) | 5.2 (4.3–6.1) | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (1.0–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 3.2 (2.7–3.6) | 3.4 (2.6–4.2) | <0.001 | 3.1 (2.7–3.6) | 3.4 (2.7–4.2) | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.9–3.7) | 3.4 (2.6–4.2) | 0.039 |
| Killip class on admission, n (%) | |||||||||
| I | 706 (87.2) | 16,862 (85.7) | <0.001 | 487 (84.4) | 10,036 (84.9) | <0.001 | 219 (94.0) | 6,826 (86.9) | 0.003 |
| II | 20 (2.5) | 1,037 (5.3) | 14 (2.4) | 491 (4.1) | 6 (2.6) | 546 (6.9) | |||
| III | 14 (1.7) | 795 (4.0) | 10 (1.7) | 399 (3.4) | 4 (1.7) | 396 (5.0) | |||
| IV | 70 (8.6) | 975 (5.0) | 66 (11.4) | 892 (7.5) | 4 (1.7) | 83 (1.1) | |||
| CPR on admission, n (%) | 50 (6.2) | 472 (2.4) | <0.001 | 47 (8.1) | 432 (3.7) | <0.001 | 3 (1.3) | 40 (0.5) | 0.107 |
| Serum creatinine in μmol on admission, median (IQR) | 84 (71–98) | 87 (74–104) | <0.001 | 87 (73–101) | 89 (76–106) | <0.001 | 78 (67–90) | 84 (72–101) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin in g/dL on admission, median (IQR) | 14.3 (13.1–15.2) |
14.5 (13.3–15.6) |
<0.001 | 14.4 (13.1–15.3) |
14.7 (13.5–15.7) |
<0.001 | 14.0 (13.0–15.1) |
14.2 (13.0–15.3) |
0.147 |
| Abnormal troponin, n (%) | 754 (93.3) | 18,119 (92.3) | 0.292 | 548 (95.3) | 11,375 (96.5) | 0.120 | 206 (88.4) | 6,744 (86.0) | 0.290 |
| Anterior infarct, n (%) | NA | NA | NA | 331 (57.3) | 5,855 (49.5) | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
| Treatment and condition during hospitalization | |||||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 776 (95.7) | 19,145 (97.3) | 0.006 | 544 (94.1) | 11,453 (96.9) | <0.001 | 232 (99.6) | 7,692 (97.9) | 0.080 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 677 (83.5) | 17,082 (86.8) | 0.006 | 482 (83.4) | 10,169 (86.0) | 0.076 | 195 (83.7) | 6,913 (88.0) | 0.046 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 522 (64.4) | 14,627 (74.3) | <0.001 | 382 (66.1) | 8,762 (74.1) | <0.001 | 140 (60.1) | 5,865 (74.7) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering drug, n (%) | 772 (95.2) | 19,236 (97.8) | <0.001 | 545 (94.3) | 11,490 (97.2) | <0.001 | 227 (97.4) | 7,746 (98.6) | 0.126 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor, n (%) | 786 (96.9) | 19,405 (98.6) | <0.001 | 553 (95.7) | 11,599 (98.1) | <0.001 | 233 (100) | 7,806 (99.4) | 0.231 |
| Lowest LVEF in % during hospitalization, mean (SD) | 46.9 (12.8) | 47.0 (12.3) | 0.840 | 44.8 (12.5) | 44.7 (11.9) | 0.729 | 52.6 (11.8) | 50.9 (12.2) | 0.033 |
ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-receptor converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not applicable; NSTEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; SD, standard deviation; SMuRF, standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.