Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of STEMI and NSTEMI patients with respect to SMuRF (excluding obesity) (n = 22,160).
| Overall | STEMI | NSTEMI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
SMuRF-less n = 1099 |
≥1 SMuRF n = 21061 |
p -value |
SMuRF-less n = 776 |
≥1 SMuRF n = 12747 |
p -value |
SMuRF-less n = 323 |
≥1 SMuRF n = 8314 |
p -value | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 58.3 (51.4–66.4) | 58.3 (51.2–66.8) |
0.977 | 58.7 (51.6–67.1) |
57.8 (50.8–65.9) | 0.017 | 57.3 (50.8–64.4) | 59.3 (51.9–68.2) |
0.003 |
| Male, n (%) | 830 (75.5) | 17,378 (82.5) | <0.001 | 592 (76.3) | 10,855 (85.2) | <0.001 | 238 (73.7) | 6,523 (78.5) | 0.041 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||||||
| Chinese | 797 (72.5) | 13,401 (63.6) | <0.001 | 554 (71.4) | 8,038 (63.1) | <0.001 | 243 (75.2) | 5,363 (64.5) | <0.001 |
| Malay | 98 (8.9) | 4,159 (19.7) | 68 (8.8) | 2,601 (20.4) | 30 (9.3) | 1,558 (18.7) | |||
| South Asian | 180 (16.4) | 3,150 (15.0) | 135 (17.4) | 1,904 (14.9) | 45 (13.9) | 1,246 (15.0) | |||
| Others | 24 (2.2) | 351 (1.7) | 19 (2.4) | 204 (1.6) | 5 (1.5) | 147 (1.8) | |||
| Risk factors | |||||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 | 12,233 (58.1) | 0 | 6,831 (53.6) | 0 | 5,402 (65.0) | |||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0 | 7,876 (37.4) | 0 | 4,606 (36.1) | 0 | 3,270 (39.3) | |||
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0 | 14,030 (66.6) | 0 | 8,025 (63.0) | 0 | 6,005 (72.2) | |||
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||||
| Current | 0 | 9,945 (47.2) | 0 | 6,629 (52.0) | 0 | 3,316 (39.9) | |||
| Former | 0 | 3,043 (14.5) | 0 | 1,680 (13.2) | 0 | 1,363 (16.4) | |||
| Never | 1,099 (100) | 8,073 (38.3) | 776 (100) | 4,438 (34.8) | 323 (100) | 3,635 (43.7) | |||
| Total number of SMuRFs, n (%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1,099 (100) | 0 | 776 (100) | 0 | 323 (100) | 0 | |||
| 1 | 0 | 5,335 (25.3) | 0 | 3,536 (27.7) | 0 | 1,799 (21.6) | |||
| 2 | 0 | 7,493 (35.6) | 0 | 4,584 (36.0) | 0 | 2,909 (35.0) | |||
| 3 | 0 | 6,126 (29.1) | 0 | 3,441 (27.0) | 0 | 2,685 (32.3) | |||
| 4 | 0 | 2,107 (10.0) | 0 | 1,186 (9.3) | 0 | 921 (11.1) | |||
| Obese, n (%) | 185 (18.6) | 5,171 (26.5) | <0.001 | 127 (18.0) | 2,898 (24.8) | <0.001 | 58 (19.9) | 2,273 (29.2) | 0.001 |
| Body mass index in kg/m2, median (IQR) | 24.0 (21.9–26.4) | 24.9 (22.6–27.7) |
<0.001 | 24.0 (21.9–26.3) |
24.7 (22.4–27.5) | <0.001 | 24.0 (21.8–26.7) | 25.1 (22.8–28.1) |
<0.001 |
| Total cholesterol in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 4.9 (4.4–5.4) | 5.2 (4.4–6.0) | <0.001 | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) | 5.2 (4.4–6.0) | <0.001 | 5.1 (4.6–5.5) | 5.2 (4.3–6.1) | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.001 |
| Triglyceride in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 3.2 (2.8–3.6) | 3.4 (2.7–4.2) | <0.001 | 3.2 (2.7–3.6) | 3.4 (2.7–4.2) | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.9–3.7) | 3.4 (2.6–4.2) | 0.021 |
| Killip class on admission, n (%) | |||||||||
| I | 958 (87.2) | 17,981 (85.4) | <0.001 | 653 (84.3) | 10,761 (84.4) | <0.001 | 305 (94.4) | 7,220 (86.9) | <0.001 |
| II | 25 (2.3) | 1,125 (5.3) | 17 (2.2) | 536 (4.2) | 8 (2.5) | 589 (7.1) | |||
| III | 22 (2.0) | 859 (4.1) | 17 (2.2) | 446 (3.5) | 5 (1.5) | 413 (5.0) | |||
| IV | 93 (8.5) | 1,090 (5.2) | 88 (11.3) | 1,001 (7.8) | 5 (1.5) | 89 (1.1) | |||
| CPR on admission, n (%) | 67 (6.1) | 532 (2.5) | <0.001 | 63 (8.1) | 488 (3.8) | <0.001 | 4 (1.2) | 44 (0.5) | 0.093 |
| Serum creatinine in μmol on admission, median (IQR) | 85 (71–100) | 87 (74–105) | <0.001 | 88 (74–103) | 89 (76–107) | 0.002 | 78 (66–91) | 84 (72–101) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin in g/dL on admission, median (IQR) | 14.3 (13.2–15.3) | 14.5 (13.3–15.6) |
<0.001 | 14.5 (13.2–15.4) |
14.7 (13.5–15.7) | <0.001 | 14.0 (13.0–15.1) | 14.2 (13.0–15.3) |
0.192 |
| Abnormal troponin, n (%) | 1,018 (92.9) | 19,371 (92.2) | 0.409 | 736 (95.2) | 12,233 (96.3) | 0.132 | 282 (87.3) | 7,138 (86.0) | 0.493 |
| Anterior infarct, n (%) | NA | NA | NA | 439 (56.6) | 6,328 (49.6) | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
| Treatment during hospitalization | |||||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 1,039 (94.5) | 20,371 (96.7) | <0.001 | 720 (92.8) | 12,236 (96.0) | <0.001 | 319 (98.8) | 8,135 (97.9) | 0.263 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 919 (83.6) | 18,071 (85.8) | 0.044 | 639 (82.4) | 10,786 (84.6) | 0.090 | 280 (86.7) | 7,285 (87.6) | 0.617 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 704 (64.1) | 15,457 (73.4) | <0.001 | 509 (65.6) | 9,294 (72.9) | <0.001 | 195 (60.4) | 6,163 (74.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering drug, n (%) | 1,033 (94.0) | 20,438 (97.0) | <0.001 | 719 (92.7) | 12,257 (96.2) | <0.001 | 314 (97.2) | 8,181 (98.4) | 0.100 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor, n (%) | 1,054 (95.9) | 20,651 (98.1) | <0.001 | 733 (94.5) | 12,390 (97.2) | <0.001 | 321 (99.4) | 8,261 (99.4) | 0.968 |
| Lowest LVEF in % during hospitalization, mean (SD) | 47.2 (12.5) | 46.9 (12.4) | 0.618 | 45.1 (12.3) | 44.6 (11.9) | 0.253 | 52.8 (11.3) | 50.9 (12.2) | 0.016 |
ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-receptor converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not applicable; NSTEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; SD, standard deviation; SMuRF, standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.