Table 2.
Injectable BG incorporated CaP cement composites. Their physicochemical analysis results, in vitro and in vivo results, and highlights of the findings.
| Year | CaP Type | BG content | Liquid phase | P/L ratio | Injectability | Setting time | Mechanical properties | Radiopacity | In vitro response | In vivo response | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | teOCP | 58S BG nanoparticles | 5 wt% alginate, 2 wt% chitosan solution and DMEM | 0.39 | – | – | – | Yes | – | Bone ingrowth in femoral cavity of OVXed rat model | [115] |
| 2013 | 85% α -TCP 10% DCPA 5% HA |
Biosilicate® parent glass, up to 50 wt% | 2% Na2HPO4 | – | – | Around 18min for 50% BG composite | – | – | BG incorporation, in CPC/PLGA composites; increased degradation rate, rapidly transformation in PBS with interconnected pores and macroporosity | – | [116] |
| 2013 | Equal molar ratio of TECP and DCPA | Bioglass 45S5; 10 and 20 wt% | Potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) | 2.0 (g/ml) | 10–20% improved injectability | 21 and 25 min | BG wt. 20% reached 26 MPa and 40 MPa after soaking in SBF for 1 and 7days | – | Bone like apatite structure detected after soaking in SBF for 7 days. Increased degradation rate. No cytotoxicity and promotion of cell viability. |
Higher bone forming efficiency. | [117] |
| 2014 | TTCP, DCPD, CSD | BG; 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% | 2% chitosan, 4% HPMC and 10% citric acid | 1.8/1 | – | 24.67 ± 2.08 min for 30% BG | 15.04 ± 2.4 MPa for 30% BG | – | Increased apatite formation. Increased cell proliferation Higher expression of BSF with increased BG content |
Higher concentration of bone volume for 30% BG incorporated samples | [118] |
| 2015 | α-TCP | Mesoporous BG; up to 10% | 2.5 wt% Na2HPO4 | 1.54 (g/ml) | higher injectability compared to pure CPC | 25 min for 10% BG | 24 MPa for 10%BG after soaking in SBF for 7days | – | Nanotopology similar to that of pure CPC after soaking in SBF for 7 days Higher protein adsorption capacity of BG incorporated samples |
Increased bone formation with BG incorporation | [119] |
| 2016 | CPC | 45S5 bioactive glass; 20 wt% | 1 M dipotassium phosphate and 1 M monopotassium phosphate solutions | 2a | – | – | – | – | Improved cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast from BG incorporated composites | – | [120] |
| 2017 | α-CSH | Mesoporous BG; SiO2/CaO: 80/20 mol% Glass-ceramic particles; SiO2/CaO/Na2O/ZrO2, 57/30/6/7 mol% |
Distilled water | 2.5 (g/ml) | ‘Suitable injectability’ | 1 h at RT 40 min at 37οC |
18.1 ± 0.8 MPa | Adequate | Uniform HA crystals on the surface after 1 week 89.3 ± 7.8% viability for 24 h |
– | [121] |
| 2018 | β-TCP/MCPM | mesoporous silica particles; 5 wt% | PEG 400/H2O | 2.5a | 50% increased injectability (time dependent) | 30 min | 2.81 ± 0.45 MPa | – | Homogenous layer of apatite formation No cytotoxicity |
– | [122] |
| 2019 | β-TCP/MCPM | 45S5 BG powder; 5 to 50 (v/v) | 0.5 M citrate ion solution |
0.5 (v/w) | – | Ranged from 5 to 12 min | ∼10 MPa | – | No cytotoxicity Increased ALP expression with BG Incorporation Faster degradation and apatite formation with BG incorporation |
Increased bone formation with BG incorporation Formation of new blood vessel with BG incorporation |
[123] |
| 2019 | MPC | Borosilicate glass (21.5–50%) | Distilled water | 5.0 (g/ml) | – | Increased from 6 min to 16 min | Decreased from 13.5 MPa to 11 MPa | Yes | Reduced wash-out with BG incorporation No cytotoxicity |
Increased of new bone formation with BG incorporated sample | [124] |
| 2021 | α-TCP/gypsum | BG powder (75% SiO2 and 25% CaO (75S25C)); 5 to 20 wt% | 10 wt% γ-PGA | 1.67 (g/ml) | ∼90% | Ranged from 13.2 to 17.3 min for initial setting time | Ranged from 30.17 to 16.75 MPa | – | Increased apatite formation No cytotoxicity |
– | [125] |
| 2021 | β-TCP | Mg and Sr doped BG nanospheres (0–70%) | 0.25 M Na2HPO4 | 0.3 (ml/g) | – | For 50% BG incorporated samples; initial setting time: 8.3 ± 0.6 final setting time: 15.2 ± 0.7 min | Ranged from 2.91 MPa to 8.83 MPa | – | Reduced wash-out Increased apatite formation No cytotoxicity |
– | [126] |
a
This number does not have the unit provided in the article, teOCP- trace elements-multidoped octacalcium phosphate, BG-bioactive glass, DCPA-dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, β-TCP- β-tricalcium phosphate, CPC – calcium phosphate cement, MCPM-monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, BVF- bone volume fraction, RMVF- remaining material volume fraction, α-TCP- α-tricalcium phosphate, TECP- tetra calcium phosphate, γ-PGA-poly-γ-glutamic acid, α-CSH - α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate, C3S - tricalcium silicate, CMC – carboxy methyl cellulose, K2HPO4 - dipotassium phosphate, SBF – simulated body fluid, A-V-C3S – amine-grafted and vaterite-contained tricalcium silicate, MPC – magnesium phosphate cement.