Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with COVID-19.
| Characteristic | All patients | Outpatient care | Hospitalized | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General ward | PICU | |||
| (n = 1,063) | (n = 563) | (n = 419) | (n = 81) | |
| Age, median (IQR), yr | 3 (1–9) | 4 (1–10) | 3 (1–9) | 3 (1–9) |
| Age groups, yr No. (%) | ||||
| <1 | 241 (22.7) | 109 (19.4) | 113 (27.0) | 19 (23.5) |
| 1–5 | 386 (36.3) | 214 (38.0) | 141 (33.6) | 31 (38.3) |
| 6–9 | 176 (16.6) | 95 (16.9) | 67 (16.0) | 14 (17.3) |
| ≥10 | 260 (24.5) | 145 (25.7) | 98 (23.4) | 17 (21.0) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Male | 570 (53.6) | 291 (51.7) | 237 (56.6) | 42 (51.9) |
| Female | 493 (46.4) | 272 (48.3) | 182 (43.4) | 39 (48.1) |
| Race or ethnic group a , No. (%) | ||||
| No.* | 987 | 517 | 396 | 74 |
| Caucasian | 459 (46.5) | 285 (55.1) | 149 (37.6) | 25 (33.8) |
| Native | 16 (1.6) | 3 (0.6) | 11 (2.8) | 2 (2.7) |
| Black or African American | 9 (0.9) | 6 (1.2) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mixed race | 503 (51.0) | 223 (43.1) | 233 (58.8) | 47 (63.5) |
| Population, No. (%) | ||||
| No.* | 880 | 415 | 385 | 80 |
| Urban | 807 (91.7) | 393 (94.7) | 347 (90.1) | 67 (83.8) |
| Rural | 73 (8.3) | 22 (5.3) | 38 (9.9) | 13 (16.2) |
| Level of Education of caregiver, No. (%) | ||||
| No.* | 248 | 115 | 110 | 23 |
| No education | 87 (35.1) | 25 (21.7) | 53 (48.2) | 9 (39.1) |
| Primary education | 40 (16.1) | 17 (14.8) | 18 (16.4) | 5 (21.7) |
| High school | 79 (31.8) | 40 (34.8) | 32 (29.1) | 7 (30.4) |
| University degree | 42 (16.9) | 33 (28.7) | 7 (6.4) | 2 (8.7) |
| Full immunization coverage, No. (%) | ||||
| No.* | 859 | 477 | 310 | 72 |
| Yes | 770 (89.6) | 435 (91.2) | 274 (88.4) | 61 (84.7) |
| Nutritional Status b , No. (%) | ||||
| No.* | 562 | 259 | 242 | 61 |
| Underweight | 65 (11.6) | 17 (6.6) | 37 (15.3) | 11 (18.0) |
| Normal Weight | 356 (63.3) | 173 (66.8) | 149 (61.6) | 34 (55.7) |
| Overweight | 83 (14.8) | 47 (18.1) | 31 (12.8) | 5 (8.2) |
| Obese | 58 (10.3) | 22 (8.4) | 25 (10.3) | 11 (18) |
| Co-morbidities- No. (%) | ||||
| Chronic lung disease | 123 (11.6) | 54 (9.6) | 58 (13.8) | 11 (13.6) |
| Congenital heart disease | 18 (1.7) | 6 (1.1) | 9 (2.1) | 3 (3.7) |
| Cirrhosis/Biliary atresia | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Chronic gastrointestinal disease | 9 (0.8) | 2 (0.4) | 6 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) |
| Renal insufficiency | 8 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Neurologic disease | 59 (5.5) | 7 (1.2) | 41 (9.8) | 11 (13.6) |
| Metabolic or endocrine disorder | 8 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.9) | 3 (3.7) |
| Immune deficiency | 88 (8.3) | 13 (2.3) | 57 (13.6) | 18 (22.2) |
| Preterm birth | 33 (3.1) | 9 (1.6) | 17 (4.1) | 7 (8.6) |
| Any co-morbidity- No. (%) | 305 (28.7) | 84 (14.9) | 175 (41.8) | 46 (56.8) |
| Source of infection- No. (%) | ||||
| Hospital | 27 (2.5) | 1 (0.2) | 19 (4.5) | 7 (8.6) |
| Community | 79 (7.4) | 26 (4.6) | 42 (10.0) | 11 (13.6) |
| Traveling | 5 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Home | 376 (35.4) | 248 (44.0) | 113 (27.0) | 248 (44.0) |
| Other | 6 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (1.2) |
| Unknown | 585 (55.0) | 290 (51.5) | 247 (58.9) | 48 (59.3) |
| Symptoms or Signs described or present on admission- No. (%) | ||||
| Anosmia No.* |
25 (3.4) 745, NA = 318 |
19 (4.7) 403, NA = 160 |
3 (1.1) 283, NA = 136 |
3 (5.1) 59, NA = 22 |
| Dysgeusia No.* |
27 (3.6) 756, NA = 307 |
19 (4.7) 407, NA = 156 |
6 (2.1) 289, NA = 130 |
2 (3.3) 60, NA = 21 |
| Skin rash No.* |
34 (3.2) 1,059 |
11 (2.0) 562 |
21 (5.0) 416 |
2 (2.5) 81 |
| Conjunctivitis No.* |
15 (1.4) 1,059 |
8 (1.4) 562 |
6 (1.4) 416 |
1 (1.2) 81 |
| Abdominal pain No.* |
127 (12.6) 1,011, NA = 51 |
62 (11.4) 543, NA = 20 |
54 (13.7) 394, NA = 24 |
11 (14.9) 74, N = 7 |
| Fever No.* |
745 (70.1) 1,062 |
424 (75.3) 563 |
263 (62.9) 418 |
58 (71.6) 81 |
| Cough No.* |
580 (54.7) 1,061 |
324 (57.5) 563 |
209 (50.1) 417 |
47 (58.0) 81 |
| Pharyngitis No.* |
248 (23.4) 1,059 |
177 (31.4) 563 |
59 (14.2) 415 |
12 (14.8) 81 |
| Rhinitis No.* |
314 (29.6) 1,060 |
181 (32.1) 563 |
111 (26.7) 416 |
22 (27.2) 81 |
| Headache No.* |
162 (15.3) 1,058 |
114 (20.2) 563 |
39 (9.4) 414 |
9 (11.1) 81 |
| Myalgia No.* |
90 (8.5) 1,055 |
60 (10.7) 561 |
22 (5.3) 413 |
8 (9.9) 81 |
| Malaise No.* |
341 (32.2) 1,058 |
182 (32.4) 562 |
123 (29.6) 415 |
36 (44.4) 81 |
| Diarrhea No.* |
219 (20.7) 1,059 |
139 (24.7) 563 |
61 (14.7) 415 |
19 (23.5) 81 |
| Vomit No.* |
199 (18.8) 1,059 |
107 (19.0) 563 |
77 (18.6) 415 |
15 (18.5) 81 |
| Dyspnea No.* |
231 (21.8) 1,060 |
41 (7.3) 561 |
137 (32.8) 418 |
53 (65.4) 81 |
| Hypoxia No.* |
175 (16.5) 1,060 |
8 (1.4) 561 |
115 (27.5) 418 |
52 (64.2) 81 |
| Hemoptisis No.* |
5 (0.5) 1,058 |
1 (0.2) 561 |
3 (0.7) 416 |
1 (1.2) 81 |
| Altered mental status No.* |
43 (4.1) 1,058 |
4 (0.7) 561 |
13 (3.1) 416 |
26 (32.1) 81 |
| Seizures No.* |
46 (4.3) 1,058 |
8 (1.4) 561 |
21 (5.0) 417 |
17 (21.2) 80 |
| Dehydration No.* |
67 (6.3) 1,055 |
7 (1.2) 560 |
41 (9.9) 415 |
19 (23.7) 80 |
| Shock No.* |
28 (2.6) 1,057 |
1 (0.2) 559 |
5 (1.2) 417 |
22 (27.2) 81 |
| Onset of symptoms to, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (1–3) |
IQR, Interquartile range; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit.
a
Race/ethnic group was collected by study personnel based on auto reporting by the study participants. “Mixed race” refers to an individual of mixed European/Native heritage.
b
Nutritional status was classified based on standard deviations for body mass index according to the World Health Organization into thinness (below −2 standard deviations [SD]), normal nutritional status (between −2 and +1 SD), overweight (between +1 and +2 SD) and obesity (above +2 SD). Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
*
Number of patients with available data.