Table 2.
Demographic and underlying medical conditions associated with hospitalization (general ward and intensive care), among pediatric patients with COVID-19 using multiple imputation chained equations for missing data.
| Characteristic | Outpatient care | Hospitalization | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 563) | (n = 500) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age groups, yr. No. (%) | ||||
| <1 | 109 (19.4) | 132 (26.4) | 1.42 (0.86–2.34) | 1.78 (1.08–2.94) |
| 1–5 | 214 (38.0) | 172 (344.4) | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) |
| 6–9 | 95 (16.9) | 81 (16.2) | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥10 | 145 (25.7) | 115 (23.0) | 0.93 (0.66–1.31) | 0.89 (0.60–1.34) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Male | 291 (51.7) | 279 (55.8) | Ref. | - |
| Female | 272 (48.3) | 221 (44.2) | 0.85 (0.66–1.06) | - |
| Race or ethnic group a , No. (%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 285 (55.1) | 174 (37.0) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Native | 3 (0.6) | 13 (2.8) | 6.03 (1.99–18.22) | 5.40 (2.13–13.69) |
| Black or African American | 6 (1.2) | 3 (0.6) | 0.90 (0.11–7.07) | 0.96 (0.16–5.66) |
| Mixed race | 223 (43.1) | 280 (59.6) | 2.02 (0.55–7.14) | 1.86 (0.59–5.88) |
| Population, No. (%) | ||||
| Urban | 393 (94.7) | 414 (89.0) | Ref. | - |
| Rural | 22 (5.3) | 51 (11.0) | 1.95 (1.14–3.35) | - |
| Full immunization coverage, No. (%) | ||||
| Yes | 435 (91.2) | 335 (87.7) | 0.63 (0.30–1.35) | - |
| Nutritional Status b , No. (%) | ||||
| Underweight | 17 (6.6) | 48 (15.8) | 1.57 (0.85–2.90) | - |
| Normal Weight | 173 (66.8) | 183 (60.4) | Ref. | - |
| Overweight | 47 (18.1) | 36 (11.9) | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | - |
| Obese | 22 (8.5) | 36 (11.9) | 1.13 (0.67–1.93) | - |
| Co-morbidities- No. (%) | ||||
| Chronic lung disease | 54 (9.6) | 69 (13.8) | 1.51 (0.75–3.04) | - |
| Congenital heart disease | 6 (1.1) | 12 (2.40) | 2.28 (0.55–9.51) | - |
| Chronic gastrointestinal disease | 2 (0.4) | 7 (1.40) | 3.98 (1.40–11.31) | 3.31 (1.18–9.29) |
| Neurologic disease | 7 (1.2) | 52 (10.4) | 9.22 (3.80–22.34) | 10.77 (3.97–29.81) |
| Metabolic or endocrine disorder | 1 (0.2) | 7 (1.40) | 7.98 (0.99–64.09) | 10.53 (1.77–62.79) |
| Immune deficiency | 13 (2.3) | 75 (15.0) | 7.47 (2.78–20.07) | 9.05 (3.24–25.27) |
| Preterm birth | 9 (1.6) | 24 (4.8) | 3.10 (1.58–6.10) | 2.19 (1.14–4.22) |
OR, odds ratio; IQR, interquartile range.
Race/ethnic group was collected by study personnel based on auto reporting by the study participants. “Mixed race” refers to an individual of mixed European/Native heritage.
Nutritional status was classified based on standard deviations for body mass index according to the World Health Organization into thinness (below −2 standard deviations [SD]), normal nutritional status (between −2 and +1 SD), overweight (between +1 and +2 SD) and obesity (above +2 SD). Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.