Table 4.
Demographic and underlying medical conditions associated with intensive care, among pediatric patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 using multiple imputation chained equations for missing data.
| Characteristics | Place of hospitalization | Multiple Imputation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General ward | Pediatric intensive care unit | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |
| (n = 419) | (n = 81) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age groups, yr. No. (%) | ||||
| <1 | 113 (27.0) | 19 (23.5) | 0.80 (0.53–1.22) | - |
| 1–5 | 141 (33.6) | 31 (38.3) | 1.05 (0.66–1.66) | - |
| 6–9 | 67 (16.0) | 14 (17.3) | Ref. | - |
| ≥10 | 98 (23.4) | 17 (21.0) | 0.83 (0.47–1.46) | - |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Male | 237 (56.6) | 42 (51.9) | Ref. | - |
| Female | 182 (43.4) | 39 (48.1) | 1.21 (0.73–2.01) | - |
| Race or ethnic group a , No. (%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 149 (37.6) | 25 (33.8) | Ref. | - |
| Native | 11 (2.8) | 2 (2.7) | 1.06 (0.26–4.24) | - |
| Black or African American | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | - | - |
| Mixed race | 233 (58.8) | 47 (63.5) | 1.22 (0.38–3.88) | - |
| Population, No. (%) | ||||
| Urban | 347 (90.1) | 67 (83.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Rural | 38 (9.9) | 13 (16.2) | 1.76 (1.03–2.99) | 1.72 (1.02–2.92) |
| Full immunization coverage, No. (%) | ||||
| Yes | 274 (88.4) | 61 (84.7) | 0.70 (0.38–1.28) | - |
| Nutritional Status b , No. (%) | ||||
| Underweight | 37 (15.3) | 11 (18.0) | 1.28 (0.77–2.14) | - |
| Normal Weight | 149 (61.6) | 34 (55.8) | Ref. | - |
| Overweight | 31 (12.8) | 5 (8.2) | 0.69 (0.25–1.89) | - |
| Obese | 25 (10.33) | 11 (18.0) | 1.36 (0.60–3.10) | - |
| Co-morbidities- No. (%) | ||||
| Chronic lung disease | 58 (13.8) | 11 (13.6) | 0.98 (0.24–3.91) | - |
| Congenital heart disease | 9 (2.1) | 3 (3.7) | 1.75 (0.54–5.69) | - |
| Chronic gastrointestinal disease | 6 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | 0.86 (0.07–10.18) | - |
| Neurologic disease | 41 (9.8) | 11 (13.6) | 1.45 (0.74–2.83) | - |
| Metabolic or endocrine disorder | 4 (0.9) | 3 (3.7) | 3.99 (1.35–11.76) | 4.22 (1.76–10.11) |
| Immune deficiency | 57 (13.6) | 18 (22.2) | 1.81 (0.96–3.43) | 1.91 (1.05–3.49) |
| Preterm birth | 17 (4.1) | 7 (8.6) | 2.24 (1.26–3.95) | 2.52 (1.41–4.49) |
OR, odds ratio; IQR, interquartile range.
Race/ethnic group was collected by study personnel based on auto reporting by the study participants. “Mixed race” refers to an individual of mixed European/Native heritage.
Nutritional status was classified based on standard deviations for body mass index according to the World Health Organization into thinness (below −2 standard deviations [SD]), normal nutritional status (between −2 and +1 SD), overweight (between +1 and +2 SD) and obesity (above +2 SD). Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.