Table 5.
Signs or symptoms, laboratory values and chest radiograph findings described or present on initial evaluation associated with intensive care, among pediatric patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 using multiple imputation chained equations for missing data.
| Symptoms or signs - | General ward | Pediatric intensive care unit | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | (n = 419) | (n = 81) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Anosmia | 3 (1.1) | 3 (5.1) | - | - |
| Dysgeusia | 6 (2.1) | 2 (3.3) | - | - |
| Skin rash | 21 (5.0) | 2 (2.5) | 0.48 (0.15–1.52) | - |
| Conjunctivitis | 6 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | 0.84 (0.07–10.47) | - |
| Abdominal pain | 54 (13.7) | 11 (14.9) | 1.04 (0.36–2.97) | - |
| Fever | 263 (62.9) | 58 (71.6) | 1.48 (1.06–2.08) | - |
| Cough | 209 (50.1) | 47 (58.0) | 1.38 (0.74–2.54) | - |
| Pharyngitis | 59 (14.2) | 12 (14.8) | 1.05 (0.37–3.00) | - |
| Rhinitis | 111 (26.7) | 22 (27.2) | 1.02 (0.44–2.39) | - |
| Headache | 39 (9.4) | 9 (11.1) | 1.21 (0.64–2.30) | - |
| Myalgia | 22 (5.3) | 8 (9.9) | 1.96 (0.52–7.40) | - |
| Malaise | 123 (29.6) | 36 (44.4) | 1.89 (0.76–4.71) | - |
| Diarrhea | 61 (14.7) | 19 (23.5) | 1.78 (1.13–2.82) | 2.23 (1.21–4.12) |
| Vomit | 77 (18.6) | 15 (18.5) | 1.00 (0.59–1.71) | - |
| Dyspnea | 137 (32.8) | 53 (65.4) | 3.89 (1.84–8.25) | - |
| Hypoxia | 115 (27.5) | 52 (64.2) | 4.73 (2.08–10.80) | 6.10 (2.40–15.50) |
| Altered mental status | 13 (3.1) | 26 (32.1) | 14.50 (5.02–41.92) | 5.38 (1.63–17.75) |
| Seizures | 21 (5.0) | 17 (21.2) | 5.08 (3.30–7.82) | 3.37 (1.80–6.32) |
| Dehydration | 41 (9.9) | 19 (23.7) | 2.90 (1.12–7.50) | - |
| Shock | 5 (1.2) | 22 (27.2) | 28.69 (11.92–69.04) | 9.74 (2.44–38.89) |
| Onset of symptoms to, median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | - |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | ||||
| No.* | 372 | 77 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 12.3 (10.9–13.5) | 11.4 (9.5–13.3) | 0.90 (0.81–0.99) | |
| Anemiaa No. (%) | 106 (28.5) | 34 (44.2) | 1.98 (1.25–3.16) | 2.34 (1.28–4.27) |
| Platelets (103 cells/uL) | ||||
| No.* | 391 | 77 | 0.998 (0.997–0.999) | |
| Median (IQR) | 299.0 (218–386) | 276.0 (157.5–374.5) | 2.46 (1.51–4.01) | |
| Thrombocytopeniab No. (%) | 42 (10.7) | 18 (23.4) | – | |
| WBC (103 cells/uL) | ||||
| No.* | 397 | 78 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 10.0 (6.8–15.0) | 12.2 (6.5–14.9) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | |
| Neutrophils (103 cells/uL) | ||||
| No.* | 397 | 76 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 5.2 (2.5–9.3) | 6.0 (3.0–9.3) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | |
| Lymphocytes (103 cells/uL) | ||||
| No.* | 394 | 76 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 2.8 (1.6–4.6) | 3.0 (0.9–5.2) | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) | – |
| Neutrophil to lympho ratio | ||||
| No.* | 393 | 76 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 1.8 (0.7–4.3) | 1.8 (0.8–4.8) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | |
| Values > 5 | 86 (21.9) | 18 (23.7) | 1.10 (0.62–1.96) | – |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | ||||
| No.* | 332 | 70 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 12.9 (4.2–39.5) | 18.9 (7.0–102.7) | 1.004 (1.002–1.006) | |
| Values > 50 mg/dL. No. (%) | 70 (21.1) | 23 (32.9) | 1.88 (1.16–3.06) | – |
| Chest radiograph performed, No. (%) | ||||
| Yes | 313 (74.7) | 71 (87.65) | ||
| Normal | 194 (62.0) | 29 (40.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Bronchial wall thickening | 28 (8.9) | 10 (14.1) | 2.27 (0.97–5.28) | 2.59 (1.15–5.84) |
| Interstitial infiltrates | 55 (17.6) | 16 (22.5) | 2.08 (1.19–3.63) | 1.01 (0.48–2.16) |
| Consolidation | 23 (7.3) | 8 (11.3) | 2.53 (1.28–4.98) | 1.10 (0.51–2.35) |
| Interstitial infiltrates + consolidation | 13 (4.1) | 8 (11.3) | 4.32 (1.17–15.93) | 1.14 (0.26–5.04) |
WBC, white blood cell count.
a
Values < 11 g/dL.
b
Platelets < 150,000 × 103 cells/μ L.
*
Number of patients with available data.