Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Apr 14;9:777775. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777775

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2022 Cerqueira, Antunes, Assis, Cardoso, Clavijo-Salomón, Domingues, Tessarollo and Strauss.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Expected benefits of combined immunotherapies. Besides the direct antitumor effect of virotherapy, especially by the lytic effect of oncolytic viruses, this treatment modality can induce an anti-cancer immune response through the promotion of ICD. Here, we summarize the events illustrated in Figures 3, 4 and highlight the expected advantage when combining virotherapy with other immunotherapy strategies. ICD, Immunogenic Cell Death; DAMPs, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns; TME, Tumor Microenvironment; APC, Antigen-Presenting Cell; ICP, Immune Checkpoint; ICI, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor; CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4; LAG-3, Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3; PD-1, Programmed cell Death protein 1; PD-L1, Programmed cell Death Ligand 1; TIM-3, T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-containing protein 3; CAR, Chimeric Antigen Receptor. Created with BioRender.com.