Antibacterial and antifungal activities of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated CoxNi1−xFe2O4; x = 0.9/SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite against pathogenic microbes measured as ZOI (mm) and MIC (μg ml−1)a.
| Pathogenic microbes | ZOI of non-irradiated CoxNi1−xFe2O4/SiO2/TiO2; x = 0.9 NPs (mm) | ZOI of irradiated CoxNi1−xFe2O4/SiO2/TiO2; x = 0.9 NPs (25.0 kGy) (mm) | ZOI of irradiated CoxNi1−xFe2O4/SiO2/TiO2; x = 0.9 NPs (50.0 kGy) (mm) | ZOI of irradiated CoxNi1−xFe2O4/SiO2/TiO2; x = 0.9 NPs (100.0 kGy) (mm) | MIC of irradiated CoxNi1−xFe2O4/SiO2/TiO2; x = 0.9 NPs (100.0 kGy) (μg ml−1) | AMC or NS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli | 17.0b ± 0.3214 | 25.0f ± 0.4509 | 27.0h ± 0.2645 | 30.0h ± 0.4163 | 0.024 | Nil |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 11.0a ± 0.2645 | 18.0d ± 0.4509 | 19.0e ± 0.2516 | 20.0e ± 0.2516 | 0.390 | Nil |
| Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA | 12.0a ± 0.1808 | 19.0.0e ± 0.5507 | 22.0g ± 0.2081 | 25.0g ± 0.2645 | 0.097 | Nil |
| Bacillus subtilus | 10.0a ± 0.4725 | 12.0.0b ± 0.2645 | 14.0d ± 0.3214 | 16.0d ± 0.4582 | 1.562 | Nil |
| Proteus mirabilis | 11.0a ± 0.2000 | 13.0a ± 0.2516 | 13.0c ± 0.2081 | 15.0c ± 0.5000 | 3.125 | Nil |
| Salmonella typhi | 10.0a ± 0.4509 | 11.0a ± 0.2516 | 11.0a ± 0.1527 | 12.0a ± 0.2645 | 6.250 | Nil |
| Proteus vulgaris | 10.0a ± 0.4509 | 12.0b ± 0.2886 | 14.0d ± 0.4000 | 16.0d ± 0.3464 | 3.125 | Nil |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 11.0a ± 0.2516 | 11.0a ± 0.3055 | 12.0b ± 0.3214 | 13.0b ± 0.2516 | 6.250 | Nil |
| Candida albicans | 10.0a ± 0.4509 | 18.0d ± 0.4000 | 20.0f ± 0.4041 | 24.0f ± 0.2886 | 0.195 | Nil |
| Candida tropicalis | 10.0a ± 0.1527 | 12.0b ± 0.3214 | 14.0d ± 0.2886 | 15.0c ± 0.2516 | 6.250 | Nil |
| LSD | 6.06666 | 0.83333 | 0.90000 | 0.90000 | — | — |
a
Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). a–eData within the groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). LSD, least significant difference. Nil, no ZOI measured. AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (standard antibacterial agent). NS, nystatin (standard antifungal agent).