Table 1. Demographics of study population according to time from emergency department visit to emergency neurosurgery.
| Time from ED visit to neurosurgery | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Ultra-early (0–2 hours) | Early (2–4 hours) | Late (4–12 hours) | p-value | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Total | 2,602 | 525 (20.2) | 1,093 (42.0) | 984 (37.8) | |
| Age, year, median (IQR) | 61 (51–73) | 61 (51–71) | 61 (51–74) | 61 (52–73) | 0.71 |
| 0–49 | 562 (21.6) | 116 (22.1) | 252 (23.1) | 194 (19.7) | 0.48 |
| 50–59 | 649 (24.9) | 134 (25.5) | 260 (23.8) | 255 (25.9) | |
| 60–69 | 568 (21.8) | 120 (22.9) | 226 (20.7) | 222 (22.6) | |
| 70–79 | 538 (20.7) | 106 (20.2) | 224 (20.5) | 208 (21.1) | |
| 80–120 | 285 (11.0) | 49 (9.3) | 131 (12.0) | 105 (10.7) | |
| Sex, male | 1,341 (51.5) | 268 (51.0) | 552 (50.5) | 521 (52.9) | 0.52 |
| EMS use | 1,670 (64.2) | 330 (62.9) | 703 (64.3) | 637 (64.7) | <0.01 |
| Transferred from other hospital | 789 (30.3) | 172 (32.8) | 339 (31.0) | 278 (28.3) | 0.16 |
| Level 1 ED | 1,185 (45.5) | 251 (47.8) | 513 (46.9) | 421 (42.8) | 0.08 |
| Time of ED visit | <0.01 | ||||
| MN–8AM | 482 (18.5) | 84 (16.0) | 182 (16.7) | 216 (22.0) | |
| 8AM–4PM | 1,138 (43.7) | 220 (41.9) | 462 (42.3) | 456 (46.3) | |
| 4PM–MN | 982 (37.7) | 221 (42.1) | 449 (41.1) | 312 (31.7) | |
| Mental status at triage | <0.01 | ||||
| Alert | 627 (24.1) | 82 (15.6) | 256 (23.4) | 289 (29.4) | |
| Verbal response | 500 (19.2) | 85 (16.2) | 216 (19.8) | 199 (20.2) | |
| Pain response | 1,114 (42.8) | 257 (49.0) | 483 (44.2) | 374 (38.0) | |
| Unresponsive | 361 (13.9) | 101 (19.2) | 138 (12.6) | 122 (12.4) | |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | <0.01 | ||||
| SAH | 411 (15.8) | 45 (8.6) | 155 (14.2) | 211 (21.4) | |
| ICH | 2,044 (78.6) | 460 (87.6) | 879 (80.4) | 705 (71.6) | |
| Mixed | 147 (5.6) | 20 (3.8) | 59 (5.4) | 68 (6.9) | |
| Combined IVH | 701 (26.9) | 187 (35.6) | 309 (28.3) | 205 (20.8) | <0.01 |
| Type of neurosurgery | <0.01 | ||||
| Burr-hole, in ED | 226 (8.7) | 83 (15.8) | 111 (10.2) | 32 (3.3) | |
| Burr-hole, in operation room | 1,250 (48.0) | 248 (47.2) | 556 (50.9) | 446 (45.3) | |
| Other neurosurgery | 1,126 (43.3) | 194 (37.0) | 426 (39.0) | 506 (51.4) | |
| ED disposition | <0.01 | ||||
| ICU admission | 500 (19.2) | 94 (17.9) | 141 (12.9) | 265 (26.9) | |
| Operation room | 2,048 (78.7) | 423 (80.6) | 923 (84.4) | 702 (71.3) | |
| Reoperation | 332 (12.8) | 61 (11.6) | 136 (12.4) | 135 (13.7) | 0.47 |
| In-hospital mortality | 639 (24.6) | 139 (26.5) | 243 (22.2) | 257 (26.1) | 0.06 |
ED, emergency department; IQR, interquartile range; EMS, emergency medical services; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit.