Fig 7. Proposed Model.

STM0233 and ChiA are likely secreted into the small intestinal lumen during infection. STM0233 and ChiA remodel the surface glycome through the removal of GlcNAc residues of N-linked glycans. STM0233 and ChiA also stimulate the upregulation of Lewis X/A-containing glycans by host cells through an unknown mechanism. STM0233 and ChiA enhance S. Typhimurium adhesion to epithelial cells, likely due to the exposure of mannose and increase in Lewis X binding residues. Increased adhesion leads to increased invasion of intestinal epithelial cells and increased dissemination to the spleen and liver.