Fig. 3. Optimizing crosslinking density of the 1^st network. For charged PAMPS-based DN ionogel, increasing 1^st network crosslinking density leads to slight decrement of the ionic conductivity (a), and maximum fracture stress and strain are achieved with 4% crosslinking density of the 1^st network (b). For neutral PAAm-based DN ionogel, ionic conductivity (c) and fracture strain (d) always stay in low values with varying 1^st network crosslinking density.