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Fig. 1. Surface observation and analysis. (A) SEM images of pure and SLA titanium surfaces before and after immersion in P. gingivalis culture (magnification 5000×). (B) XPS survey spectra (Left), high-resolution spectra (Middle) of Ti 2p and O 1s, and relative composition of elements (Right) on pure and SLA titanium surfaces before and after immersion in P. gingivalis culture. (C) Three-dimensional topography of pure and SLA titanium surfaces before and after immersion in P. gingivalis culture. (D) Roughness values (Left) and contact angles (Right) of pure and SLA titanium surfaces before and after immersion in P. gingivalis culture (*P < 0.05).