Appendix 2—figure 14. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization estimates for epigenetic age acceleration and measured telomere length after Steiger filtering.

Beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals are reported per (A) one standard deviation increase in telomere length and (B) 1 year increase in epigenetic clock acceleration. Results were obtained using inverse variance weighted MR (dark blue), weighted median (sky blue) and weighted mode (turquoise) methods. GrimAge, PhenoAge, HannumAge and Intrinsic HorvathAge acceleration were instrumented by 4, 11, 9 and 22 genetic variants, respectively. Telomere length was instrumented by 104, 105, 105 and 109 genetic variants in GrimAge, PhenoAge, HannumAge and Intrinsic HorvathAge acceleration analyses, respectively,.