Fabrication of cell-membrane coated NPs.

Core	Source cell	Loaded agents	Remarks
PLGA NP	Red blood cell	DOX	The LCHNP efficiently deliver DOX to solid tumour sites for significantly increased tumour growth inhibition compared with conventional free drug treatment73
PLGA NP	Platelets	RAP	The plates-coated NP displayed 4.98-fold greater radiant efficiency than control in atherosclerotic arterial trees, indicating its effective homing to atherosclerotic plaques in vivo. NP loading RAP significantly attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis and stabilized atherosclerotic plaques74
PLGA NP	Gastric epithelial cell (AGS cell)	CLR	The AGS-NPs preferentially accumulate on the H. pylori surfaces in vitro. The CLR-loaded AGS-NPs demonstrate superior therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of H. pylori infection than free CLR75
PCL and Pluronic F68 NP	4T1 Breast cancer cell	PTX	The LCHNP achieved specific targeting of homotypic tumours or metastatic nodules in the lung. It further demonstrated a remarkable anti-tumour and metastasis efficacy, not only in the orthotopic transplantation tumour models but also in the advanced metastasis mice models76
PPC8, PPiP NP	Mouse peritoneal macrophage	PTX	The designed macrophage-membrane-coated nanoparticle showed enhanced penetration efficiency on tumour cells, the loaded PTX was quickly released from the nanoparticles in response to the endosome pH. It exhibited an enhanced therapeutic effect inherited from both membrane-derived tumour homing and step-by-step controlled drug release77
PCPDTBT and PEG-b-PPG-b-PEG NP	Activated fibroblast cell	—	The cell-membrane coated NP specifically target cancer-associated fibroblasts, leading to enhanced tumour accumulation. It generates enhanced cytotoxic heat and single oxygen to exert combinational photo-thermal and photo-dynamic therapy78
Gold NP	Escherichia coli	—	The bacterial membrane-coated NPs induced rapid activation and maturation of dendritic cells in the lymph nodes of vaccinated mice. It generated strong Th1 and Th17 biased cell responses against the source bacteria79
Gold nanocage	4T1 Breast cancer cell	DOX	The LCHNP exhibit a stimuli-release of DOX under the hyperthermia and a high cell-specific targeting of the 4T1 cells in vitro. The therapy with about 98.9% and 98.5% inhibiting rates of the tumour volume and metastatic nodules is observed in the 4T1 orthotopic mammary tumour models80
Gold–silver nanocage	Macrophage	—	The membrane-coated nano-system targets bacteria more efficiently. It retained at the infection site and showed greatly prolonged circulation time and excellent biocompatibility81
MSNC	Macrophage	DOX	The MSNC greatly increase the loading capacity for DOX. The macrophage-coated MSNC not only offer camouflage function, but also provide active targeting ability due to surface proteins82