Antibacterial and antifungal activities of mono-dispersed Bi2O3 NPs-Nystatin, PVP, DMSO, and its precursors (bismuth nitrate and nystatin) against some multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and pathogenic Candida species as ZOI (mm) and MIC (μg ml−1).
| Pathogenic microbes | ZOI of Bi2O3 NPs-NS (run 4) (1 mg NS : 5 mg Bi) (mm) | MIC of Bi2O3 NPs-NS (run 4) (NS : Bi; μg ml−1) | ZOI of Bi2O3 NPs-NS (run 8) (0.5 mg NS : 5 mg Bi) (mm) | ZOI of bismuth nitrate (mm) | ZOI of nystatin (mm) | ZOI of PVP (mm) | ZOI of DMSO (mm) | ⁃AMC or NS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candida albicans (1) | 14.0ab ± 0.5773 | 1.95 : 4.2 | 13.0de ± 0.5773 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| Candida albicans (25) | 15.0c ± 0.5773 | 0.24 : 0.52 | 13.0bc ± 0.5773 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | 7.0a ± 0.5000 |
| Candida albicans (33) | 14.0bc ± 0.5773 | 0.48 : 1.05 | 12.0bc ± 0.2886 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| Candida tropicalis (1) | 15.0bc ± 0.5773 | 0.24 : 0.52 | 13.0 cd ± 0.7637 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | 7.0a ± 0.2886 |
| Candida tropicalis (22) | 15.0c ± 0.5773 | 0.48 : 1.05 | 14.0e ± 1.1547 | Nil | 7.0 | 7.0 | Nil | 7.0a ± 0.7637 |
| Escherichia coli | 17.0d ± 0.5773 | 1.95 : 4.2 | 12.0bc ± 0.5000 | 8.0 | Nil | Nil | 7.0 | 17.0c ± 0.2886 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | •Nil | 3.9 : 8.4 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA | 13.0a ± 0.5773 | 0.24 : 0.52 | 12.0b ± 0.6110 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | 15.0b ± 0.5000 |
| Bacillus cereus | 13.0a ± 0.5773 | 0.24 : 0.52 | 10.0a ± 0.4509 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | 7.0a ± 0.4618 |
| LSD | 1.00000 | — | 1.33333 | — | — | — | — | 1.83333 |
a
Values arethe mean ± SD (n = 3). Data within the groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a–e Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT), LSD = least significant differences. •Nil means that no ZOI had been measured. ⁃AMC = amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (antibacterial standard), NS = nystatin (antifungal standard).