TABLE 2.
Acute complications and treatments of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without hyperkalemia.
| Total | Hyperkalemia | No Hyperkalemia | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 192182 | n = 22702 | n = 169480 | ||
| Discharge Status, n(%) | < .001 | |||
| Expired | 28369 (14.8) | 9592 (42.3) | 18777 (11.1) | |
| Home | 94233 (49.0) | 4459 (19.6) | 89774 (53.0) | |
| Home health | 22134 (11.5) | 2203 (9.7) | 19931 (11.8) | |
| Hospice | 5940 (3.1) | 744 (3.3) | 5196 (3.1) | |
| Nursing or rehabilitation facility | 32388 (16.9) | 4838 (21.3) | 27550 (16.3) | |
| Transferred | 793 (0.4) | 56 (0.3) | 737 (0.4) | |
| Other/unknown | 8324 (4.3) | 809 (3.6) | 7515 (4.4) | |
| APR-DRG Severity of Illness, n(%) | < .001 | |||
| Minor or Moderate | 9662 (5.0) | 141 (0.6) | 9521 (5.6) | |
| Major | 107648 (56.0) | 6465 (28.5) | 101183 (59.7) | |
| Extreme | 74872 (39.0) | 16096 (70.9) | 58776 (34.7) | |
| Acute Complications, n(%) | ||||
| Acute ischemic heart disease | 8175 (4.3) | 2049 (9.0) | 6126 (3.6) | < .001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 59895 (31.2) | 15921 (70.1) | 43974 (25.9) | < .001 |
| Acute liver injury | 4428 (2.3) | 1683 (7.4) | 2745 (1.6) | < .001 |
| Acute respiratory failure | 101602 (52.9) | 13593 (59.9) | 88009 (51.9) | < .001 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 14981 (7.8) | 5040 (22.2) | 9941 (5.9) | < .001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 4899 (2.5) | 1036 (4.6) | 3863 (2.3) | < .001 |
| Hypokalemia | 37828 (19.7) | 3650 (16.1) | 34178 (20.2) | < .001 |
| Hyponatremia | 36617 (19.1) | 7310 (32.2) | 29307 (17.3) | < .001 |
| Metabolic or respiratory acidosis | 27460 (14.3) | 8490 (37.4) | 18970 (11.2) | < .001 |
| Epileptic seizures | 9735 (5.1) | 1464 (6.4) | 8271 (4.9) | < .001 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 3496 (1.8) | 1031 (4.5) | 2465 (1.5) | < .001 |
| Sepsis | 59842 (31.1) | 12942 (57.0) | 46900 (27.7) | < .001 |
| Shock | 21987 (11.4) | 8724 (38.4) | 13263 (7.8) | < .001 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 9676 (5.0) | 2232 (9.8) | 7444 (4.4) | < .001 |
| Dialysis during Hospitalization, n(%) | 13924 (7.2) | 7137 (31.4) | 6787 (4.0) | < .001 |
| Medication and Supplement Use, n(%) | ||||
| Albumin | 15134 (7.9) | 6051 (26.7) | 9083 (5.4) | < .001 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 11006 (5.7) | 3609 (15.9) | 7397 (4.4) | < .001 |
| Antibiotics other than azithromycin | 135641 (70.6) | 18846 (83.0) | 116795 (68.9) | < .001 |
| Anticoagulant | 136276 (70.9) | 15590 (68.7) | 120686 (71.2) | < .001 |
| Antiemetic | 55504 (28.9) | 6565 (28.9) | 48939 (28.9) | .895 |
| ß-blocker | 62957 (32.8) | 11613 (51.2) | 51344 (30.3) | < .001 |
| Blood growth factor | 16984 (8.8) | 3948 (17.4) | 13036 (7.7) | < .001 |
| Bronchodilator | 70734 (36.8) | 12010 (52.9) | 58724 (34.6) | < .001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 47543 (24.7) | 8415 (37.1) | 39128 (23.1) | < .001 |
| Convalescent plasma | 4051 (2.1) | 843 (3.7) | 3208 (1.9) | < .001 |
| Corticosteroid (any) | 104468 (54.4) | 15633 (68.9) | 88835 (52.4) | < .001 |
| Dexamethasone | 63070 (32.8) | 7905 (34.8) | 55165 (32.5) | < .001 |
| HIV medication | 2127 (1.1) | 461 (2.0) | 1666 (1.0) | < .001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin | ||||
| Both | 24802 (12.9) | 4531 (20.0) | 20271 (12.0) | < .001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine only | 14106 (7.3) | 2506 (11.0) | 11600 (6.8) | < .001 |
| Azithromycin only | 61773 (32.1) | 6601 (29.1) | 55172 (32.6) | < .001 |
| Neither | 91501 (47.6) | 9064 (39.9) | 82437 (48.6) | < .001 |
| Immunoglobulin | 668 (0.3) | 177 (0.8) | 491 (0.3) | < .001 |
| Immunomodulator | 12136 (6.3) | 3039 (13.4) | 9097 (5.4) | < .001 |
| Narcotic analgesic | 149427 (77.8) | 19296 (85.0) | 130131 (76.8) | < .001 |
| Smoking deterrent | 2518 (1.3) | 255 (1.1) | 2263 (1.3) | .008 |
| Statin | 66120 (34.4) | 9946 (43.8) | 56174 (33.1) | < .001 |
| Vitamin C or D | 57470 (29.9) | 7843 (34.5) | 49627 (29.3) | < .001 |
| Zinc | 46345 (24.1) | 6154 (27.1) | 40191 (23.7) | < .001 |
| Remdesivir | 20237 (10.5) | 2581 (11.4) | 17656 (10.4) | < .001 |
| In-Hospital RAAS Inhibitor Use, n(%) | ||||
| ACE inhibitors | 21301 (11.1) | 2184 (9.6) | 19117 (11.3) | < .001 |
| ARBs | 17211 (9.0) | 1914 (8.4) | 15297 (9.0) | .003 |
| ARAs | 3776 (2.0) | 565 (2.5) | 3211 (1.9) | < .001 |
| Any RAAS inhibitor use | 40262 (21.0) | 4379 (19.3) | 35883 (21.2) | < .001 |
| Intravenous (IV) Administration, n(%) | ||||
| IV formulation of insulin | 73083 (38.0%) | 15791 (69.6%) | 57292 (33.8%) | < .001 |
| IV formulation of diuretics | 63460 (33.0%) | 12625 (55.6%) | 50835 (30.0%) | < .001 |
| IV formulation of bicarbonates | 20627 (10.7%) | 10227 (45.0%) | 10400 (6.1%) | < .001 |
| IV formulation of calcium gluconates | 15305 (8.0%) | 8657 (38.1%) | 6648 (3.9%) | < .001 |
| Any IV administration of the above | 104464 (54.4%) | 19311 (85.1%) | 85153 (50.2%) | < .001 |
APR-DRG: All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups.
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.
RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme.
ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.
ARA: aldosterone receptor antagonist.