Table 2.

Signaling components of placental membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord Wharton's jelly and placenta.

Signaling Components of Placental Tissues
Functional role in regenerative medicine	Cytokine	Placental membrane	Amniotic fluid	Umbilical cord	Placental disc
Angiogenic signal	TGF -β2	[266]	[267]∗∗; [268]∗∗(TGF- β1 and - β2)	[269]	[3, 217, 243, 245, 252, 254, 270]
	TGF-α	[266]	[271]	[272]	[273]
	Angiogenin	[51]	[274]∗∗	NR	[252]
	VEGF	[26] VEGF-A; [26, 275–277] ND (VEGF-D)	[142]∗∗; [278]	[194](VEGF-A); NR (VEGF-B); NR (VEGF-C); NR (VEGF-D)	[3, 244, 245, 252, 254, 270]
	PlGF	[51, 58]	[279]∗∗	NR	[245, 246, 252]
	FGF-1 (aFGF)	[51]	NR	[198]	[252, 254]
	FGF-6	NR	NR	NR	[252, 254]
	FGF-2 (bFGF)	[266]	[271]	[198]	[252, 254]
	HGF	[51]	[271]	[194]	[252, 254]
	PDGF-AA, -BB	[26] PDGF-AA; [51] PDGF-BB	[280]∗∗ (PDGF-BB)	[194] PDGF-AA; NR (PDGF-BB)	[244, 252, 254]
	ANG	[51]	[281]	NR	[3]
Anti inflammatory signal	IL-4	[26]	[142]∗∗; [280]∗∗	NR	[243, 245, 282, 283]
	IL-10	[26]	[142]∗∗; [267]∗∗	NR	[243, 245, 282, 283]
	IL-13	NR	[142]∗∗	NR	[243]
	IL-1ra	[51]	[142]∗∗	[194]	[243]
	IL-6	[58]	[142]∗∗; [267]∗∗;[284]	[194]	[217, 243, 244, 252, 283]
	IL-2	[51]	[285] [142]∗∗; [280]∗∗; [284]	NR	[243, 283]
	Adiponectin	[286]	[287]	NR	[244, 288]
Protease inhibitor	TIMP-1	[26]	[289], [290]	[194]	[252]
	TIMP-2	[26]	[289–291]	[194]	[252]
	TIMP-4	[26]	[290]	[292]	[293]
Antimicrobial	IFN γ	NR	[142]∗∗; [280]∗∗	[194]	[243, 245, 283]
	Lactoferrin	[20]	[144]	NR	[294]
	HBD-1	[20, 60]	[153]	NR	[60]
	HBD-2	[295]	[145]	[296]	[60, 248]
	HBD-3	[295]	NR	NR	[60]
	HNP-3	[297]	[298]	NR	[297]
	Elafin/Trappin-2	[297]	[297]	NR	[60, 248]
	SLPI	[297]	[200]	NR	ND [60]
Tissue remodeling	TGF-β1, 2, 3	[26]	[268]∗∗ (TGF- β 1 and β 2)	[186]	[3, 17, 243, 245, 252, 254, 270]
	TGF-α	[51]	[271]	[194]	[273]
	Activin	[38]	[299]	NR	[245]
	VEGF	[26] VEGF-A; [26, 275–277] ND (VEGF-D)	[142]∗∗, [278]	[194](VEGF-A); NR (VEGF-B); NR (VEGF-C); NR (VEGF-D)	[3, 244, 245, 252, 254, 270]
	PlGF	[33, 51]	[279]∗∗	NR	[245, 246, 252]
	FGF-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7	FGF-1: [51]; FGF-2: [266]; FGF-3: NR; FGF-4: [33]; FGF-5: [20]; FGF-6: [20]; FGF-7: [33]	NR	FGF-1: [198]; FGF-2: [198]; FGF-3: NR; FGF-4: [300]; FGF-5: NR; FGF-6: NR; FGF-7: [194]	[252, 254]
	EGF	[33]	[271, 301]	[186]	[252, 254, 270]
	HGF	[51]	[271]	[194]	[3, 252, 254]
	IGF-1	[51]	[271, 302]	NR	[3, 252, 254]
	PDGF-AA, -BB	[26, 51]	[280]∗∗ (PDGF-BB)	[194] PDGF-AA; NR (PDGF-BB)	[244, 252, 254]
	Adiponectin	[286]	[279]∗∗	NR	[244, 288]
	IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4	[303] ND (IGFBP-1), ND (IGFBP-2), IGFBP-3, ND (IGFBP-4)	[304], [305]	NR	[252]
	MMP-2	[55]	[55], [306]	[197]	[56]
	MMP-9	[31], [55]	[55], [125], [306]	[197]	[56]

∗∗ Levels are from second trimester AF collection and measurements; NR = not reported; ND = not detected.