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. 2022 Apr 28;13:2303. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29433-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Mosaics of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells from two eyes generated by the model. The model places cells of each type in a grid (left), then randomly jitters their retinal positions (middle), and applies cell interactions that prevent ON and OFF cells from occupying the same position in each eye. b If afferent sampling density is high, identical ONOFF retinal mosaics generate identical visual cortical maps as shown by two simulations (1 and 2) illustrated in each pair of panels. From left to right, simulated retinas for the two eyes and repeated simulated maps for retinotopy, ONOFF, and orientation preference of stimuli presented in the contralateral eye. The colors illustrate cortical gradients of azimuth retinotopy, ONOFF dominance and orientation preference. The black lines illustrate borders of iso-retinotopic cortical patches in the retinotopic map (regions containing cortical cells with overlapping receptive fields), and the ocular dominance borders in the ONOFF and orientation maps. c The same ONOFF retinal mosaics used in the simulations above (b) do not generate orientation maps if the spacing of retinal cells is increased to make the afferent sampling density lower (notice different retinal scale in b and c, 200 versus 400 microns). From left to right, each pair of panels show the two retinas, retinotopic maps for contralateral and ipsilateral eyes, afferents in the cortical subplate, and orientation maps. Notice that the size of the iso-retinotopic patch is smaller in (c) than (b) because the afferent sampling density is also lower. d If the afferent sampling density is lower for the ipsilateral than the contralateral eye, orientation maps emerge from afferent sorting only for the contralateral eye. From left to right, each pair of panels show the two retinas, retinotopic maps, ONOFF maps and orientation maps for the two eyes. Notice that the size of the iso-retinotopic patch is large for both eyes because there is a large number of afferents from the contralateral eye. The afferents from the ipsilateral eye are fewer in number and should have larger axon arbors because they have less synaptic competition.