Fig. 1.

Galanin inhibits immune cell proliferation via GALR2. Quantification of mRNA expression of GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3 in PBMCs (A), and expression of GALR2 confirmed by immunoblotting (UM-SCC-1: positive control) (B). Data are representative of 2 independent experiments with 2 different donors. (C) Gene expression of galanin and GALR2 in PBMCs after 24 h stimulation with 10 nM galanin. (D) Functionality of GALR2 on PBMCs. AKT and ERK phosphorylation induced by galanin is reduced by M871, a GALR2 antagonist. (E) Galanin inhibits proliferation of PBMCs. Different line styles represent each independent experiment; two independent experiments with PBMCs of donor #1 and a third independent experiment with PBMCs of donor #2 were performed. (F) Apoptosis (Annexin⁺/7AAD⁺ combined) of PBMCs. Each independent experiment encompassed three replicates. * p < 0.05, * p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001