Table 2.

Adjusted effects of CPR initiation by responding group, as compared to EMS-initiated CPR.^*

	CPR Initiation** (All years)	CPR Initiation** (2017–2019)
Outcome	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Sustained ROSC
Fire/Police First Responder***	1.01 (0.93, 1.11)	1.01 (0.90, 1.13)
Lay Person	1.07 (0.98, 1.17)	1.07 (0.96, 1.19)
Lay Medical Provider	1.13 (0.95, 1.35)	1.15 (0.92, 1.45)
Survival to Discharge
Fire/Police First Responder	1.25 (1.08, 1.45)†	1.43 (1.18, 1.73)
Lay Person	1.56 (1.36, 1.79)†	1.78 (1.50, 2.13)
Lay Medical Provider	1.77 (1.37, 2.28)†	1.97 (1.41, 2.73)
Discharged with Good Neurological Outcome
Fire/Police First Responder	1.40 (1.18, 1.65)†	1.65 (1.33, 2.05)
Lay Person	1.71 (1.46, 1.99)†	2.08 (1.70, 2.55)
Lay Medical Provider	2.00 (1.52, 2.64)†	2.47 (1.74, 3.52)

^*Estimates derived using multilevel logistic regression models adjusted for: age, gender, race/ethnicity, location, first documented rhythm, calendar year, and community level variables as defined in the methods

^**Odds ratio reference category: EMS

^***As collected in the registry, “First Responder” here refers to (Fire or Police)

^†P-value<0.01