Fig. 2. Drug-resistant epilepsy is associated with higher mean weighted degree, average controllability and modal controllability compared to healthy controls.
a Kernel plot of age distributions which were significantly different between the groups (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.0001). b Baseline cognitive function measured by full-scale IQ (FSIQ) classes compared to age-corrected normal population. More epilepsy patients (resective surgery and VNS) were in the lower classes (Chi-Sq Test, p = 0.01). c–e Scatter plots of c mean weighted degree, d mean average controllability and e mean modal controllability for each group. Besides the scatter, plots are estimated marginal means (±95% Wald confidence intervals) following correction for age, sex, cognitive function and, for the controllability metrics, mean weighted degree. Multiple comparisons were adjusted for by the least significant difference. Both groups of epilepsy patients had a higher weighted degree compared to controls (p = 0.001 for resective surgery; p = 0.02 for VNS groups). The VNS group had significantly higher mean average controllability compared to both the controls (p = 0.003) and the resective surgery (p = 0.001) group. Both groups had higher mean modal controllability compared to controls (p = 0.003 for resective surgery; p = 1 × 10−6 for VNS) and the VNS group was even significantly higher than the resective surgery group (p = 0.001).