Table 1.
Participant demographics and epilepsy-related characteristics
| Bilinguals | Monolinguals | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-LTLE (n=6) |
B-RTLE (n=7) |
B-HC (n=11) |
M-LTLE (n=21) |
M-RTLE (n=22) |
M-HC (n=29) |
Statistical Test * | |
| Age | 38.00 (8.51) | 31.43 (8.24) | 35.91 (14.86) | 34.43 (13.37) | 33.27 (12.17) | 37.59 (13.45) | H (5,96) = 3.56; p = .614 |
| Education | 13.33 (1.75) | 16.00 (2.65) | 16.91 (2.47) | 13.29 a,b (1.55) | 13.14 a,b (1.86) | 15.55 (1.92) | H (5,96) = 33.58; p < .001 |
| Sex (F/M) | 5/1 | 5/2 | 7/4 | 10/11 | 12/10 | 16/13 | Fisher’s exact = 3.17; p = .695 |
| Handedness (R/L/A) | 4/2/0 | 7/0/0 | 11/0/0 | 19/2/0 | 20/1/1 | 27/2/0 | Fisher’s exact = 4.81; p = .364 |
| Ethnicity (Non-Hispanic/Hispanic) | 4/2 | 2/5 | 11/0 | 17/4 | 18/4 | 27/2 | Fisher’s exact = 15.83; p = .003 |
| Race (White/ >1/ Black/Asian/NH/Unknown |
1/2/0/3/0/0 | 2/4/0/0/1/0 | 9/0/0/2/0/0 | 16/3/1/1/0/0 | 16/1/3/1/1/0 | 23/0/2/4/0/0 | — |
| WASI Block Design1 | 51.50 (8.46) | 50.29 (6.73) | 56.22 (10.73) | 50.42 a(8.36) | 44.17 a,b (10.24) | 58.46 (7.69) | F (5,85) = 6.29; p < .001 |
| WASI Vocabulary 2 | 42.17 a,b (7.68) | 47.17a,b (9.00) | 59.89 (11.71) | 48.55 a,b (9.79) | 48.19 a,b (9.52) | 60.48 (9.48) |
F (5,89) = 7.95; p < .001
|
| Age of seizure onset | 27.17 (13.32) | 17.00 (12.58) | — | 19.05 (13.68) | 21.41 (12.48) | — | H (3,56) = 1.89; p = .596 |
| Duration of epilepsy | 10.83 (7.81) | 14.43 (7.57) | — | 15.38 (14.81) | 11.86 (12.50) | — | H (3,56) = 1.70; p = .637 |
| Number of ASMs | 1.50 (0.55) | 2.29 (0.76) | — | 2.24 (0.89) | 2.32 (1.09) |
— | H (3,56) = 4.19; p = .242 |
| MTS (Y/N) | 5/1 | 4/3 | — | 12/9 | 10/12 | — | Fisher’s exact = 2.71; p = .457 |
Note. Mean (standard deviation) shown for continuous variables. LTLE = left TLE; RTLE = right TLE; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale; ASM = anti-seizure medication; MTS = mesial temporal sclerosis; F = female; M = male; R = right; L = left; A = ambidextrous; >1 = more than one race, NH = Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Block design score expressed as T-scores: missing for 2 B-HC, 3 M-HC, 4 M-RTLEs, and 2 M-LTLEs.
Vocabulary score expressed as T-scores: missing for 2 B-HC, 2 M-HC, 1 M-RTLE, 1 B-RTLE, and 1 M-LTLE.
Statistics based on a one-way ANOVA for normally distributed- or Kruskal-Wallis H-test for non-normally distributed continuous variables with follow-up pairwise comparisons, and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. Significant effects are bolded.
Denotes that this mean/median is significantly different (p<.05; Bonferroni-adjusted) from M-HC in pairwise comparisons.
Denotes that this mean/median is significantly different (p<.05; Bonferroni-adjusted) from B-HC in pairwise comparisons.