Table 2.
Bilingual TLE language profile and epilepsy characteristics
| Case | L1 | L2 | L2 AoA |
Duration of L2 |
Method of L2 Exposure |
Age | Sex | English Fluency (raw, z) |
Side of seizure onset |
English vocab (raw, T) |
Age of seizure onset |
MTS | Hand ednes s |
fMRI Laterality^ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cantonese | English | 9 | 19 | Elementary-College | 34 | F | 15 (−0.37) | Left | 52 (44) | 11 | Y | Left | Right (−.71) |
| 2 | Japanese/English | — | SB* | 28 | Elementary-College | 35 | F | 12 (−.87) | Left | 42 (33) | 18 | Y | Right | Left (1.0) |
| 3 | Spanish | English | 14 | 35 | Middle School-College | 49 | F | 21 (0.64) | Left | 49 (40) | 40 | Y | Left | Right (−.32) |
| 4 | Vietnamese | English | 4 | 24 | Elementary-College | 28 | F | 15 (−0.37) | Left | 49 (56) | 23 | N | Right | Left (.35) |
| 5 | Spanish | English | 5 | 29 | Kindergarten | 34 | F | 18 (0.14) | Left | 47 (39) | 25 | Y | Right | Right (−.25) |
| 6 | Spanish | English | 14 | 34 | College | 48 | M | 16 (−0.20) | Left | 31 (41) | 46 | Y | Right | Bilateral (.03) |
| 7 | Arabic | English | 4 | 22 | Elementary-College | 28 | F | 19 (0.31) | Right | 41 (33) | 21 | Y | Right | Left (.25) |
| 8 | Spanish/ English |
— | SB* | 30 | Parents | 30 | M | 17 (−0.03) | Right | 35 (45) | 25 | N | Right | Left (.44) |
| 9 | Spanish | English | 4 | 18 | Elementary-College | 22 | F | 12 (−0.87) | Right | 50 (43) | 2 | Y | Right | Left (1.0) |
| 10 | Spanish | English | 3 | 28 | Elementary-College | 31 | F | 18 (0.14) | Right | 60 (53) | 17 | Y | Right | Left (.68) |
| 11 | Spanish | English | 16 | 25 | High School/College | 41 | F | 12 (−0.87) | Right | —- | 29 | N | Right | Left (.57) |
| 12 | Italian | English | 11 | 33 | Formal Schooling | 44 | F | 18 (0.14) | Right | 45 (59) | 31 | N | Right | Left (.65) |
| 13 | Spanish/ English |
— | SB* | 24 | Parents/Siblings | 24 | M | 31 (2.32) | Right | 55 (50) | 5 | Y | Right | Left (.32) |
Note. L1 and L2 refer to the order of the languages learned as reported by patients (i.e., L1 = First learned language; L2 = Second learned language)
*
SB: simultaneous bilingual (i.e., acquired both languages from birth). AoA = Age of acquisition; MTS=mesial temporal sclerosis. English fluency scores are based on animal fluency, and English vocabulary scores are derived from the WASI Vocabulary subtest. English vocabulary score was unavailable for one bilingual RTLE.
^
fMRI lateralization category with the laterality index in parenthesis; categorization for LI was based on the following: omnibus LI > .2 = left; −.2 < LI < .2 = bilateral; and LI < −.2 = right