. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 23.

Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2021 Oct 29;15(11):17124–17136. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04707

Table 1.

Summary of preclinical ex vivo nanovehicle administration studies in transplantation.

Nano-vehicle	Method of Delivery	Therapeutic	Target Organ and Cell population	Results	Reference
ICAM-1-conjugated dextran-lysozyme nanogel adsorbed onto RBCs	Vascular perfusion	None	Human lung ECs	3.7-fold higher localization to lung ECs than free nanocarriers	¹⁶⁰
Anti-CD31-conjugated PLA-PEG NP	NMP; whole organ/tissue immersion	None	Human kidney ECs	5–10-fold higher localization to kidney ECs than isotype control Ab-conjugated NPs	¹⁵³
High-lactone poly(amine-co-ester) NP	NMP; whole organ/tissue immersion	siRNA targeting MHC class II transactivator	Human blood vessel ECs	Lowered MHC class II expression by ECs for 4–6 weeks; suppressed allogenic T cell responses	¹⁶¹
Light-crosslinkable gelatin methacryloyl biomaterial	Whole organ/tissue immersion	Anti-IL-6R Ab	Mouse skin macrophages, T cells	Decreased alloreactive T cell and macrophage infiltration; doubled survival length of skin allografts	¹⁶⁴
PEG-PLGA NP	NMP; whole organ/tissue immersion	Anti-IL-6 Ab	Mouse heart macrophages, T cells	Decreased T cell and macrophage infiltration; inhibited chronic rejection in comparison to ischemic control	¹⁶⁷
PEG-PLGA NP	NMP; whole organ/tissue immersion	MMF	Mouse heart macrophages, T cells	Decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines; decreased T cell and macrophage infiltration; inhibited fibrosis and chronic rejection in comparison to free MMF	³⁵

ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; RBC: red blood cell; PLA: poly(lactic acid); NP: nanoparticle; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid; siRNA: small inhibitory RNA; anti-IL-6R Ab: antibody against IL-6 receptor; anti-IL-6 Ab: antibody against IL-6; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil; EC: endothelial cell; MHC: major histocompatibility complex