TABLE 1.
Original research articles and reviews obtained after a search in PubMed with the following keywords: “extracellular vesicles” and “vascular calcification” and “senescence.”
| Type of article | Publication year | References | Model | Experiment (tissue/cells) | Findings/Results |
| Research | 2021 | (100) | In vivo | EVs pooled from the human whole tissue proteome and miRNAome (carotid artery plaque and calcified aortic valve) |
71 proteins and 5 miRNAs were significantly altered between the artery and valve EVs |
| Research | 2021 | (101) |
In vivo In vitro |
The thoracic aorta of WT rat aortas Tissue from human carotid arteries and human aortic Human aortic VSMCs |
Warfarin increased vascular calcification in an endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent manner via increased EVs release |
| Research | 2021 | (102) |
In vitro In vitro |
Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells EVs from bone mesenchymal stem cell |
EVs from bone mesenchymal stem cell Inhibition of VSMCs calcification |
| Research | 2020 | (103) |
In vitro In vivo |
Human VSMCs 5/6-nephrectomy + high phosphate diet mice |
EVs from melatonin-treated VSMCs attenuate VC and aging in VSMCs and mice |
| Research | 2020 | (27) |
In vitro In vitro |
Human endothelial cells Human VSMCs |
EV from indoxyl sulfate-treated endothelial cells generate calcification in VSMCs |
| Research | 2019 | (104) |
In vitro In vitro |
Human endothelial cells Human VSMCs |
EVs from high glucose-treated endothelial cells induce calcification in VSMCs |
| Research | 2017 | (18) |
In vivo In vitro in vitro |
EVs from elderly EVs from senescent human endothelial cells Human VSMCs |
EVs of senescent endothelial cells and EVs from plasma of elderly subjects promote vascular calcification (in VSMCs) |
| Research | 2015 | (17) |
In vivo In vitro in vitro |
EVs from plasma of CKD patients EVs from TNF-α-treated human endothelial cells Human VSMCs |
EV from TNF-α-treated endothelial cells and EV from plasma of CKD subjects promote vascular calcification (in VSMCs) |
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| Type of article | Publication year | References | Title | ||
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| Review | 2022 | (105) | Matrix vesicles as a therapeutic target for vascular calcification | ||
| Review | 2021 | (106) | Exosomes and melatonin: Where their destinies intersect | ||
| Review | 2021 | (100) | Calcifying extracellular vesicles as building blocks of microcalcifications in cardiovascular disorders | ||
| Review | 2020 | (107) | Omics research in vascular calcification | ||
| Review | 2019 | (108) | Cardiovascular calcification: artificial intelligence and big data accelerate mechanistic discovery | ||
| Review | 2019 | (22) | The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD): Challenging old concepts with new facts | ||
| Review | 2019 | (1) | Multifaceted mechanisms of vascular calcification in aging | ||
| Review | 2019 | (109) | [Molecular mechanism of vascular calcification] [Article in Japanese] | ||
| Editorial | 2019 | (110) | A dual role for GRP in cardiovascular disease | ||
| Review | 2018 | (4) | Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness | ||
| Review | 2018 | (111) | Exosomes, the message transporters in vascular calcification | ||
| Review | 2018 | (21) | Senescent microvesicles: A novel advance in molecular mechanisms of atherosclerotic calcification | ||
| Review | 2017 | (112) | Vascular calcification in CKD-MBD: Roles for phosphate, FGF23, and Klotho | ||
| Review | 2016 | (113) | Vascular calcification in uremia: New-Age concepts about an old-age problem: Methods | ||
| Review | 2015 | (114) | [Vascular Calcification–Pathological Mechanism and Clinical Application–Mechanisms of vascular calcification]: [Article in Japanese] |
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