Table 1.
Characteristics of study patients.
| Patients with HbA1c mean < 7% | Patients with HbA1c mean ≥ 7% | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 196 | 298 | |
| Age, years | 56.9 ± 5.9 | 57.6 ± 6.1 | 0.252 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 107 (54.6) | 166 (55.7) | 0.284 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.4 ± 1.7 | 29.1 ± 2.1 | 0.002 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 13.1 ± 2.5 | 14.5 ± 3.3 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132.6 ± 14.7 | 132.9 ± 13.7 | 0.787 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.6 ± 6.8 | 79.1 ± 6.5 | 0.512 |
| Heart rate, b/min | 75.4 ± 9.9 | 75.8 ± 8.7 | 0.365 |
| Laboratory analysis | |||
| Blood glucose, mg/dl | 178.8 ± 36.7 | 195.5 ± 28.2 | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 203.8 ± 19.4 | 203.1 ± 22.4 | 0.721 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 129.7 ± 18.9 | 128.4 ± 21.6 | 0.511 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 38.2 ± 3.5 | 37.1 ± 3.4 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 185.9 ± 21.5 | 187.9 ± 23.3 | 0.331 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 ± 0.15 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.667 |
| HbA1C basal, % | 6.7 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c 3 months, % | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c 6 months, % | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 1.2 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c 9 months, % | 7.1 ± 0.7 | 8.8 ± 1.9 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c 12 months, % | 6.3 ± 0.76 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 0.001 |
| Risk factors | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 58 (40.3) | 86 (59.7) | 0.469 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 56 (28.6) | 78 (26.2) | 0.314 |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 32 (16.3) | 112 (37.6) | 0.001 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 41 (20.9) | 71 (23.8) | 0.269 |
| Active therapy | |||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 54 (27.6) | 86 (28.9) | 0.417 |
| β-Blocker, n (%) | 53 (27.1) | 69 (23.2) | 0.159 |
| Calcium-channel blocker, n (%) | 34 (17.3) | 37 (12.4) | 0.082 |
| Statin, n (%) | 43 (21.9) | 64 (21.5) | 0.494 |
| ACE inhibitor, n (%) | 55 (28.1) | 72 (24.2) | 0.193 |
| AT-2 antagonist, n (%) | 26 (13.3) | 38 (12.8) | 0.485 |
| Oral anti-diabetic drugs, N (%) | 181 (92.3) | 271 (91.1) | 0.458 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 20 (10.2) | 29 (9.7) | 0.489 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or as number (%). Significant differences are highlighted in bold.
IHD ischaemic heart disease, BMI body mass index, HbA1c Haemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AT2 Angiotensin 2.