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. 2022 Apr 28;13:2337. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29932-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic representation of the analysis undertaken in this study using Mendelian randomisation (MR). A Using univariable MR to estimate the total effect of genetically predicted childhood body size on type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk without accounting for adulthood body size. B Applying multivariable MR to estimate the direct effect of genetically predicted childhood body size on T1D risk whilst accounting for the effect of adult body size and C using the same approach to estimate the indirect effect of childhood body size of T1D (via adult body size). The highlighted red lines indicate the causal pathway being evaluated in MR to estimate the A total, B direct, and C indirect effects of childhood body size on T1D risk.