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. 2022 Apr 28;13:2316. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30058-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

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Fig. 4 — a Randles-like circuit for the entire PBNPs-deposited ITO electrode. b Equivalent circuit consisting of a capacitor (C_NP) and a resistor (R_NP) to understand the oEIS of single PBNPs. c Within 0.01−100 Hz (purple region), nearly all the voltages from the potentiostat dropped at the electric double layer at the ITO-electrolyte interface, according to the conventional EIS analysis of the electrochemical cell.