Table 4.

Decomposition of household income-related inequalities in outpatient and inpatient services utilization.

	Outpatient services				Inpatient services
Determinants	Marginal effects (bk)	p		Contribution to CI (%)	Marginal effects (bk)	p		Contribution to CI (%)
Gender and age (years)				8.16				−6.93
Men
0–14	−0.0547	0.092	0.037	−3.87	−0.0550*	0.035	0.036	−1.61
15–24	0.0242	0.606	−0.094	−1.82	−0.0436	0.180	−0.094	1.37
25–34	0.0265	0.569	0.063	2.31	−0.0730***	<0.001	0.064	−2.69
35–44	0.0043	0.916	0.118	1.50	−0.0738***	<0.001	0.119	−10.94
45–54	0.0019	0.961	0.039	0.36	−0.0645**	0.007	0.039	−5.07
55–64	0.0236	0.578	−0.030	−2.75	−0.0571*	0.021	−0.030	2.80
65–	0.0141	0.735	−0.129	−5.63	−0.0459	0.084	−0.128	7.65
Women
0–14	−0.0636*	0.036	−0.034	4.31	−0.0592*	0.021	−0.034	1.69
15–24	Reference
25–34	0.1144*	0.040	0.082	14.32	−0.0286	0.346	0.082	−1.51
35–44	0.0082	0.842	0.097	2.36	−0.0661**	0.003	0.097	−7.92
45–54	0.0271	0.520	0.035	4.67	−0.0713**	0.002	0.035	−5.11
55–64	0.0138	0.738	−0.062	−3.64	−0.0653**	0.005	−0.062	7.19
65–	0.0115	0.780	−0.107	−3.96	−0.0498	0.053	−0.107	7.22
Socioeconomic status
Household income				184.03				253.47
Quintile I	Reference
Quintile II	−0.0061	0.570	−0.399	18.86	0.0368**	0.001	−0.399	−47.53
Quintile III	−0.0013	0.908	0.009	−0.09	0.0437***	<0.001	0.009	1.24
Quintile IV	0.0095	0.408	0.408	28.72	0.0566***	<0.001	0.408	71.71
Quintile V	0.0221	0.063	0.800	136.54	0.0882***	<0.001	0.800	228.05
Marital status				−10.22				4.79
Unmarried and others	Reference
Married	−0.0139	0.162	0.026	−10.22	0.0155	0.081	0.026	4.79
Education				−26.83				11.34
Illiteracy	Reference
Primary school or junior middle school	0.0435	0.051	−0.232	−25.05	−0.0245	0.105	−0.232	5.92
Senior high school or technical secondary school	0.0105	0.453	−0.066	−16.91	−0.0248	0.062	−0.066	16.63
College, university, or above	0.0171	0.275	0.139	15.13	−0.0302*	0.013	0.139	−11.21
Employment status				32.91				−15.74
Employed	0.0140	0.167	0.037	9.95	−0.0444***	<0.001	0.038	−13.34
Retired	0.0197	0.137	0.198	22.93	−0.0042	0.709	0.197	−2.04
Student	0.0022	0.957	0.005	0.03	−0.0616*	0.015	0.005	−0.36
Unemployed and others	Reference
Place of residence				27.21				−28.45
Urban	Reference
Rural	−0.0159	0.098	−0.108	27.21	0.0398***	<0.001	−0.108	−28.45
Healthcare accessibility
Type of basic medical insurance scheme				−17.26				26.61
UEBMI	0.0245	0.243	0.277	56.25	0.0848**	0.003	0.276	81.48
URRBMI, URBMI, NCMS, and others	0.0338*	0.044	−0.078	−73.51	0.0603**	0.001	−0.077	−54.87
None	Reference
Critical illness insurance				−4.60				−0.90
Yes	0.0079	0.368	−0.040	−4.60	0.0037	0.645	−0.039	−0.90
No	Reference
Commercial health insurance				20.79				7.40
Yes	0.0270*	0.024	0.153	20.79	0.0229*	0.042	0.154	7.40
No	Reference
Distance to the nearest health facility				4.14				−0.68
≤ 5 km	Reference
>5 km	−0.0409*	0.020	−0.077	4.14	0.0159	0.428	−0.078	−0.68
Time taken to travel to the nearest health facility				0.35				0.16
<30 min	Reference
≥30 min	−0.0176	0.808	−0.190	0.35	−0.0189	0.744	−0.190	0.16
Health status
Self-assessed health				−53.78				−22.18
Very poor	0.0920**	0.006	0.008	1.90	0.1001**	0.002	0.008	0.84
Poor	0.0990***	<0.001	−0.084	−10.48	0.1385***	<0.001	−0.084	−6.11
Fair	0.0709***	<0.001	−0.086	−42.81	0.0618***	<0.001	−0.087	−15.69
Good	0.0258**	0.008	−0.008	−2.39	0.0299**	0.001	−0.008	−1.22
Excellent	Reference
Chronic disease				−44.67				−16.16
Yes	0.1126***	<0.001	−0.023	−44.67	0.0970***	<0.001	−0.023	−16.16
No	Reference
limitation of daily activities				−39.35				−11.61
Yes	0.0607***	<0.001	−0.124	−39.35	0.0428***	<0.001	−0.124	−11.61
No	Reference

^* Indicates that the difference was statistically significant ^*p < 0.05,

^** p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001. Bold values indicate the total contribution to CI of each determinant.