TABLE 3.

Experiment designs and effects of apigenin on hypertension (in vivo and in vitro).

Study design	Experiment models	Dose	Duration	Administration route	Sources	Mechanisms	Reference
In vivo experiment	Sprague-Dawley rats (cyclo-sporine induced)	10, 15, and 20 mg/kg	21 days	oral gavage (during modeling)	Commercial	Reduction of the lipid hydroperoxides and increase of the total antioxidant levels	Haleagrahara et al. (81)
	Sprague-Dawley rats (DOCA-salt treated)	0.2%-supplement (w/w)	4 weeks	Food intake (during modeling)	Commercial	TRPV4-mediated activation of AMPK/SIRT1 and inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway	Wei et al. (86)
	Sprague Dawley rats (L-NAME induced)	1.44 mg/kg	6 weeks	Drinking water (during modeling)	Commercial	Improvement of NO bioavailability and endothelial and vascular function, alleviation of oxidative stress	Paredes et al. (82)
	Sprague-Dawley rats	50 and 100 mg/kg	4 weeks	intragastric administration (during modeling)	Commercial	Modulation of HIF-1α signaling, the induction of apoptosis factors Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 9	He et al. (84)
In vitro experiment	HBZY-1 cells, M1CCD cells	5 μM	24 h	−	Commercial	TRPV4-mediated activation of AMPK/SIRT1 and inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway	Wei et al. (86)

HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha; CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; PDK-4, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; GPAT, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; GLUT-4, glucose transporter 4; DOCA, deoxycorticosterone acetate; TRPV4, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4; AMPK, 5′-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; Smad, Sma and Mad proteins from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, respectively; Bax, Bcl-2 associated X; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma.