TABLE 4.

Experiment designs and effects of apigenin on cardiovascular diseases (in vivo and in vitro).

Study design	Experiment models	Dose	Duration	Administration route	Sources	Mechanisms	Reference
In vivo experiment	Sprague-Dawley rats (left renal artery ligation)	50 and 100 mg/kg	8 weeks	oral gavage (after modeling)	Commercial	Down-regulation of myocardial HIF-1α expression, increase of the expressions of myocardial PPARα, CPT-1 and PDK-4, decrease of expressions of myocardial PPARγ, GPAT and GLUT-4	Zhu et al. (106)
In vitro experiment	ISO-HAS cells	30 μM	0–24 h	−	Commercial	Increase of Apelin to rescue endothelial dysfunction	Yamagata et al. (92)
	HUVEC	3 and 30 μM	30 min	−	Commercial	Inactivation of PI3K/Akt axis to mediate vascular endothelial dysfunction	Yu et al. (98)
	HUVEC	3 and 30 μM	48 and 72 h	−	Commercial	Inhibition of PKCβII phosphorylation and regulation of apoptosis-dependent genes	Qin et al. (102)
	HUVEC	3 and 30 μM	30 min	−	Commercial	Inhibition of NF-κB activation to improve NO and SOD activity, suppression of ICAM-1	Ren et al. (97)