Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI for COVID-19 across tertiles of dairy intake.
| Variables | Tertile1 | Tertile2 | Tertile3 | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-fat dairy product | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.62 (0.48–0.79) | 0.48 (0.37–0.63) | <0.001a |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 0.52 (0.38–0.71) | <0.001a |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 0.51 (0.37–0.69) | <0.001a |
| High-fat-dairy-product | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | 1.49 (1.13–1.95) | <0.001a |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 1.37 (1.00–1.88) | 0.05 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 1.40 (1.09–1.92) | 0.03a |
| Total dairy | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.63 (0.48–0.83) | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 0.81 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.63 (0.45–0.86) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.82 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.63 (0.46–0.87) | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 0.97 |
| Low-fat milk | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.54 (0.38–0.75) | 0.45 (0.35–0.59) | <0.001a |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.49 (0.32–0.73) | 0.50 (0.37–0.67) | <0.001a |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.49 (0.33–0.73) | 0.47 (0.35–0.64) | <0.001a |
| High-fat milk | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.18 (0.28–4.95) | 1.45 (1.17–1.79) | <0.001a |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.56 (0.36–6.66) | 1.56 (1.22–1.99) | <0.001a |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.58 (0.37–6.73) | 1.54 (1.20–1.97) | <0.001a |
| Total milk | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.90 (0.70–1.17) | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 0.01a |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 0.06 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.06 |
| Low-fat yogurt | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 0.36 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) | 0.30 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.16 (0.85–1.58) | 1.12 (0.82–1.52) | 0.31 |
| High-fat yogurt | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.74 (0.53–1.02) | 1.21 (0.96–1.52) | 0.15 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) | 1.20 (0.92–1.56) | 0.31 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.69 (0.47–1.03) | 1.21 (0.93–1.59) | 0.27 |
| Total yogurt | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.03 (0.78–1.34) | 1.25 (0.97–1.61) | 0.07 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.14 (0.83–1.55) | 1.36 (1.01–1.84) | 0.01a |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 1.40 (1.04–1.89) | 0.01a |
| Cheese | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.84 (1.40–2.41) | 1.77 (1.32–2.38) | <0.001a |
| Model 2 | 1 | 2.02 (1.46–2.78) | 1.80 (1.27–2.55) | 0.001a |
| Model 3 | 2.01 (1.45–2.78) | 1.80 (1.27–2.56) | 0.001a | |
| Yogurt drink | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 0.18 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.42 (1.01–1.99) | 1.41 (1.01–1.96) | 0.09 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.37 (0.98–1.92) | 1.37 (0.98–1.91) | 0.12 |
| Kashkb | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 0.51 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.16 (0.85–1.60) | 1.09 (0.81–1.48) | 0.56 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) | 1.06 (0.79–1.44) | 0.65 |
| Butter | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.97 (0.65–1.46) | 1.30 (0.86–1.97) | 0.02a |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.45 (0.85–2.46) | 1.83 (1.06–3.16) | 0.01a |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.4 4 (0.85–2.46) | 1.80 (1.04–3.11) | 0.02a |
Values are reported as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.
Model 1: Adjusted for age and energy intake.
Model 2: model 1+ further adjustment for smoking status, physical activity, marital status, educational levels, chronic disease, gender, job status, house status (home-owner or tenant), family size (less than 4, more than five), ethnicity (from Yazd or not from Yazd).
Model 3: model 2+ further adjustment for BMI.
aSignificant association.
bKashk is made from drained yogurt or Yogurt drink by shaping it and letting it dry.