Microbial contribution to serum and feces metabolites in TC mice
(A) PLS-DA plots of serum and fecal metabolite profiles in GF TC, SPF TC, and SPF B6 mice. For simplicity, only the positive mode is shown.
(B) Tryptophan metabolites in the serum and feces of GF and SPF TC as well as SPF B6 mice. All metabolites represented were significantly different between GF and SPF TC samples (microbiome effect shown by the lower brackets). Above the horizontal lines, samples were also different between SPF TC and SPF B6 samples (strain effect shown by the upper brackets). Data show Log10 transformed means for each group ordered from the highest to lowest in GF TC group (serum: N = 9 GF TC, 13 SPF TC, and 5 SPF B6; feces: N = 5 per group).
(C–G) Serum and fecal values in GF TC, SPF TC, and SPF B6 mice for tryptophan (C), tryptamine (D), indole-3-acetate (I3A) (E), indoxyl sulfate (F), and kynurenine (G). B–G: Graphs show individual mice with mean ± SEM 1-way ANOVA with T3 Dunnett’s multiple comparisons tests. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.