Table 8.
The potential causes for resistance in the opinion of the participants.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Using antibiotics when they are not necessary | |||||||
| A | 45 (3.9) | 33 (2.9) | 72 (6.2) | 174 (15.1) | 833 (72.0) | 4.39 (0.89( | 5 (1) |
| B | 202 (8.7) | 176 (7.6) | 250 (10.8) | 324 (14.0) | 1370 (59.0) | 4.07 (1.33( | 5 (2) |
| C | 617 (9.1) | 571 (8.5) | 1038 (15.4) | 1277 (18.9) | 3244 (48.1) | 3.88 (1.34) | 4 (2) |
| 2. Too many antibiotic prescriptions | |||||||
| A | 27 (2.3) | 49 (4.2) | 103 (8.9) | 333 (28.8) | 64 (55.7) | 4.43 (0.93( | 5 (1) |
| B | 117 (5.0) | 164 (7.1) | 356 (15.3) | 658 (28.3) | 1027 (44.2) | 4.00 (1.15) | 4 (2) |
| C | 307 (4.6) | 614 (9.1) | 1351 (20.0) | 1990 (29.5) | 2485 (36.8) | 3.85 (1.15) | 4 (2) |
| 3. Too many broad-spectrum antibiotics used | |||||||
| A | 27 (2.3) | 38 (3.3) | 118 (10.2) | 331 (28.6) | 643 (55.6) | 3.89 (1.02( | 4 (2) |
| B | 58 (2.5) | 138 (5.9) | 488 (21.0) | 679 (29.2) | 959 (41.3) | 4.01 (1.04) | 4 (2) |
| C | 200 (3.0) | 433 (6.4) | 1697 (25.2) | 2088 (31.0) | 2329 (34.5) | 3.88 (1.05) | 4 (2) |
| 4. Not completing the full course of antibiotic | |||||||
| A | 21 (1.8) | 31 (2.7) | 102 (8.8) | 327 (28.3) | 676 (58.4) | 3.85 (1.05( | 4 (2) |
| B | 91 (3.9) | 136 (5.9) | 389 (16.8) | 508 (21.9) | 1198 (51.6) | 4.11 (1.12) | 5 (2) |
| C | 217 (3.2) | 365 (5.6) | 1447 (21.4) | 1899 (28.1) | 2789 (41.3) | 3.99 (1.07) | 4 (2) |
| 5. Using antibiotic without physician or pharmacist supervision (self-medication). | |||||||
| A | 32 (2.8) | 23 (2.0) | 94 (8.1) | 278 (24.1) | 730 (63.1) | 3.81 (1.17( | 4 (2) |
| B | 157 (6.8) | 112 (4.8) | 327 (14.1) | 523 (22.5) | 1203 (51.8) | 4.08 (1.21) | 5 (2) |
| C | 450 (6.7) | 392 (5.8) | 1300 (19.3) | 1672 (24.8) | 2933 (43.5) | 3.93 (1.21) | 4 (2) |
| 6. Over the phone prescription | |||||||
| A | 33 (2.9) | 65 (5.6) | 283 (24.5) | 388 (33.6) | 388 (33.5) | 4.15 (0.98( | 4 (1) |
| B | 115 (5.0) | 202 (8.7) | 710 (30.6) | 695 (29.9) | 600 (25.8) | 3.63 (1.11) | 4 (2) |
| C | 343 (5.1) | 590 (8.7) | 2314 (34.3) | 1867 (27.7) | 1633 (24.2) | 3.57 (1.10) | 4 (1) |
| 7. Taking antibiotic with another drug (Drug-Drug interaction) | |||||||
| A | 38 (3.3) | 86 (7.4) | 258 (22.3) | 407 (35.2) | 368 (31.8) | 3.96 (1.03( | 4 (2) |
| B | 102 (4.4) | 214 (9.2) | 644 (27.7) | 690 (29.7) | 672 (28.9) | 3.70 (1.11) | 4 (2) |
| C | 307 (4.6) | 614 (9.1) | 1351 (20.0) | 1990 (29.5) | 2485 (36.8) | 3.85 (1.15) | 4 (2) |
| 8. Using the same antibiotic with different names | |||||||
| A | 64 (5.5) | 104 (9.0) | 225 (19.4) | 363 (31.4) | 401 (34.7) | 3.70 (1.15( | 4 (2) |
| B | 120 (5.2) | 264 (11.4) | 646 (27.8) | 656 (28.3) | 636 (27.3) | 3.64 (1.17) | 4 (2) |
| C | 334 (5.0) | 589 (8.7) | 2053 (30.4) | 1963 (29.1) | 1779 (26.4) | 3.64 (1.11) | 4 (2) |
| 9. Too long durations of antibiotic treatment | |||||||
| A | 31 (2.7) | 46 (4.0) | 161 (13.9) | 402 (34.8) | 517 (44.7) | 3.47 (1.23( | 4 (2) |
| B | 90 (3.9) | 161 (6.9) | 470 (20.2) | 639 (27.5) | 962 (41.4) | 3.96 (1.11) | 4 (2) |
| C | 322 (4.8) | 483 (7.2) | 1663 (24.6) | 1934 (28.7) | 2345 (34.8) | 3.81 (1.13) | 4 (2) |
| 10. Too low dose of antibiotics | |||||||
| A | 25 (2.2) | 89 (7.7) | 221 (19.1) | 391 (33.8) | 431 (37.3) | 3.68 (1.16( | 4 (2) |
| B | 69 (3.0) | 252 (10.9) | 660 (28.4) | 669 (28.8) | 672 (28.9) | 3.70 (1.09) | 4 (2) |
| C | 215 (3.2) | 569 (8.4) | 2029 (30.1) | 2199 (32.6) | 1735 (25.7) | 3.32 (1.12) | 4 (2) |
| 11. Excessive use of antibiotics in livestock | |||||||
| A | 64 (5.5) | 91 (7.9) | 317 (27.4) | 316 (27.3) | 349 (30.2) | 3.92 (1.03( | 4 (2) |
| B | 139 (6.0) | 256 (11.0) | 677 (29.2) | 572 (24.6) | 678 (29.2) | 3.60 (1.18) | 4 (2) |
| C | 493 (7.3) | 661 (9.8) | 2145 (31.8) | 1586 (23.5) | 1862 (27.6) | 3.54 (1.20) | 4 (2) |
| 12. Poor hand hygiene | |||||||
| A | 100 (8.6) | 140 (12.1) | 330 (28.5) | 295 (25.5) | 292 (25.2) | 4.18 (0.99( | 4 (1) |
| B | 205 (8.8) | 301 (13.0) | 694 (29.9) | 532 (22.9) | 590 (25.4) | 3.43 (1.24) | 3 (2) |
| C | 514 (7.6) | 611 (9.1) | 1874 (27.8) | 1699 (25.2) | 2048 (30.4) | 3.62 (1.22) | 4 (2) |
| 13. Presence of a foreign body (e.g. medical devices or catheters) | |||||||
| A | 70 (6.1) | 108 (9.3) | 288 (24.9) | 352 (30.4) | 340 (29.4) | 3.98 (1.08) | 4 (2) |
| B | 106 (4.6) | 236 (10.2) | 724 (31.2) | 633 (27.3) | 623 (26.8) | 3.62 (1.12) | 4 (2) |
| C | 263 (3.9) | 499 (7.4) | 2156 (32.0) | 1889 (28.0) | 1940 (28.8) | 3.70 (1.08) | 4 (2) |
| 14.Paying too much attention to pharmaceutical representatives / advertising | |||||||
| A | 31 (2.7) | 83 (7.2) | 227 (19.6) | 423 (36.6) | 393 (34.0) | 4.08 (0.98) | 4 (2) |
| B | 107 (4.6) | 189 (8.1) | 632 (27.2) | 701 (30.2) | 693 (29.8) | 3.73 (1.11) | 4 (2) |
| C | 360 (5.3) | 530 (7.9) | 1965 (25.6) | 1996 (29.6) | 1896 (28.1) | 3.67 (1.12) | 4 (2) |
| 15. Lacking the advice from a clinical pharmacist / PharmD | |||||||
| A | 30 (2.6) | 52 (4.5) | 141 (12.2) | 387 (33.4) | 547 (47.3) | 4.18 (0.99) | 4 (2) |
| B | 81 (3.5) | 124 (5.3) | 414 (17.8) | 688 (29.6) | 1015 (43.7) | 4.05 (1.07) | 4 (2) |
| C | 246 (3.6) | 384 (5.7) | 1474 (21.8) | 2045 (30.3) | 2598 (38.5) | 3.94 (1.08) | 4 (2) |
1: very unimportant; 2: unimportant; 3: neutral; 4: important; 5: very important.