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. 2022 Apr 14;24(4):e33537. doi: 10.2196/33537

Table 1.

Study details, demographic data, and biometric monitoring technologies (BioMeTs) by therapeutic area.


Therapeutic area of focus

All (N=100) Healthy (n=11) Cardiovascular (n=17) Endocrine (n=13) Neural (n=10) Overweight or obesity (n=6) Respiratory (n=29) Pain treatments (n=5) Othera (n=9)
Study design, n (%)

Observational studies 26 (26) 3 (27) 1 (6) 4 (31) 3 (30) 1 (17) 9 (31) 1 (20) 4 (44)

Interventional studies 74 (74) 8 (73) 16 (94) 9 (69) 7 (70) 5 (83) 20 (69) 4 (80) 5 (56)
Sample size (participants), median; range 60; 10-128,037 179; 42-1381 84; 40-1732 46; 10-234 22; 10-780 86; 11-174 70; 10-128,037 35; 10-68 56; 20-281
Participant characteristics, n (%)

Sex or gender


Females or women onlyb 9 (9) 3 (27) 1 (6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (50) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (22)


Both sexes or genders 84 (84) 7 (64) 16 (94) 12 (92) 8 (80) 3 (50) 26 (90) 5 (100) 7 (78)


Not reported 7 (7) 1 (9) 0 (0) 1 (8) 2 (20) 0 (0) 3 (10) 0 (0) 0 (0)

Age (years), n (%)


≥60 24 (24) 4 (36) 4 (24) 5 (38) 2 (20) 0 (0) 5 (17) 1 (20) 3 (33)


>21 to <60 57 (57) 5 (45) 9 (53) 4 (31) 5 (50) 3 (50) 22 (76)c 3 (60) 6 (67)


≤21 19 (19) 2 (18) 4 (24) 4 (31)c 3 (30) 3 (50) 2 (7) 1 (20) 0 (0)

Race or ethnicity, n (%)


Reported 39 (39) 7 (64) 11 (65) 6(46) 2 (20) 4 (67) 3 (10) 2 (40) 4 (44)


Not reported 61 (61) 4 (36) 6 (35) 7 (54) 8 (80) 2 (33) 26 (90) 3 (60) 5 (56)
BioMeT tool type, n, (%)

Wearable 46 (42) 10 (91) 9 (41) 4 (27) 6 (60) 5 (83) 2 (7) 5 (83) 5 (50)

Positive airway pressure device 18 (16) d 18 (60)

Smart clothing 8 (7) 3 (14) 3 (20) 1 (10) 1 (10)

Blood pressure monitor 6 (5) 5 (23) 1 (7)

Chest strap 5 (5) 2 (9) 3 (10)

Smartphone 5 (5) 1 (5) 2 (20) 1 (17) 1 (10)

Oral appliance 5 (5) 2; 7% 3 (30)

Glucometer; continuous 3 (3) 3 (20)

Glucometer; noncontinuous 3 (3) 3 (20)

Ingestible 2 (2) 1 (5) 1 (17)

Implantable 2 (2) 2 (7)

Smart scale 2 (2) 1 (5) 1 (7)

Adhesive patch 1 (1) 1 (9)

Exercise equipment 1 (1) 1 (3)

Muscle trainer 1 (1) 1 (3)

Hearing aid 1 (1) 1 (10)

Home oxygen 1 (1) 1 (3)

Total 110 11 22 15 10 6 30 6 10

aOther category included oncology, gastrointestinal, bone structure, anatomy, or orthodontics, pregnancy, and vocal cord dysfunction.

bNo studies included only males or men.

cEach of these categories contained 1 study that reported age only qualitatively or by providing a range; all other studies reported an average age.

dNo studies falling into that category.