Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies (N=32).
| Study and year | Design | Aim | Participants enrolled (N=1228) vs participants included (n=1147), na) | Population | Device | MMATb score |
| Alessi et al, 2019 [23] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 66 (63) | Clinical: alcohol outpatient | SCRAMx | 40% |
| Ayala et al, 2009 [24] | Laboratory | Assessing nonalcoholic energy drinks with TAMc | 15 (15) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM-II | 80% |
| Barnett et al, 2017 [25] | RCTd, ambulatory | Effectiveness of TAM in implementing CMe for alcohol reduction treatment in various population groups and evaluating the efficacy of CM reduction in alcohol use | 30 (30) | Nonclinical: heavy drinkers | SCRAM-II and SCRAMx | 80% |
| Barnett et al, 2014 [26] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 66 (66) | Nonclinical: heavy drinkers | SCRAM-II and SCRAMx | 100% |
| Barnett et al, 2011 [27] | Ambulatory | Effectiveness of TAM in implementing CM for alcohol reduction treatment in various population groups and evaluating the efficacy of CM reduction in alcohol use | 20 (13) | Nonclinical: heavy drinkers | SCRAM | 80% |
| Bond et al, 2014 [41] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 250 (250) | Nonclinical: good health | WrisTAS (5, 6, and 7) | 60% |
| Croff et al, 2020 [42] | Ambulatory | Assess acceptability, adherence, and feasibility with this technology | 59 (57) | Nonclinical: good health | WrisTAS-7 | 80% |
| Davidson et al, 1997 [51] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 15 (12) | Nonclinical: social drinkers | Not named | 80% |
| Dougherty et al, 2012 [28] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 22 (21) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM-II | 100% |
| Fairbairn and Kang, 2019 [29] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 50 (30) | Nonclinical: social drinkers | BACtrack prototype and SCRAM | 60% |
| Fairbairn et al, 2020 [30] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 110 (73) | Nonclinical: good health | BACtrack prototype and SCRAM | 60% |
| Fairbairn et al, 2019 [13] | Mixed design | Estimating BrACf from TACg | 48 (48) | Nonclinical: social drinkers | SCRAM | 100% |
| Hill-Kapturczak et al, 2014 [31] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 22 (19) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM-II | 80% |
| Jalal et al, 2020 [50] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 8 (8) | Nonclinical: good health | PEMh fuel cell sensor | 60% |
| Karns-Wright et al, 2018 [32] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 32 (30) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM-CAM | 80% |
| Karns-Wright et al, 2017 [33] | Laboratory | Estimating BrAC from TAC | 61 (61) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM | 80% |
| Lansdorp et al, 2019 [11] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 1 (1) | Nonclinical: good health | Milo sensor | 60% |
| Lawson et al, 2019 [49] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 6 (6) | Nonclinical: good health | MOX sensor | 60% |
| Li et al, 2020 [48] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 2 (2) | Nonclinical: good health | Wearable IoTi alcohol sensor | 80% |
| Luczak et al, 2015 [43] | Mixed design | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 32 (32) | Nonclinical: good health | WrisTAS-7 | 80% |
| Marques and McKnight, 2009 [34] | Ambulatory and laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 22 (22) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM and WrisTAS-5 | 60% |
| Norman et al, 2020 [35] | Ambulatory | Assess acceptability, adherence, and feasibility with this technology and how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 14 (14) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM | 60% |
| Rash et al, 2019 [36] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 22 (19) | Nonclinical: heavy drinking | SCRAMx | 100% |
| Roache et al, 2015 [37] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 61 (61) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM-II (study 1) and SCRAMx (studies 2 and 3) | 80% |
| Roache et al, 2019 [38] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 30 (30) | Nonclinical: good health | SCRAM-CAM | 80% |
| Rosenberg et al, 2021 [47] | Ambulatory | Assess acceptability, adherence, and feasibility with this technology | 5 (5) | Nonclinical: good health | BACtrack | 80% |
| Sakai et al, 2006 [39] | Ambulatory and laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 44 (44) | Alcohol-dependent and non–alcohol-dependent | SCRAM | 100% |
| Simons et al, 2015 [44] | Ambulatory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 60 (60) | Nonclinical: good health | WrisTAS-7 | 80% |
| Swift et al, 1992 [45] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 15 (15) | Nonclinical: good health and alcohol-dependent | WrisTAS | 80% |
| Wang et al, 2019 [10] | Ambulatory and laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | Still recruiting | Nonclinical: good health | Quantac Tally and BACtrack | 20% |
| Wang et al, 2021 [40] | Ambulatory and laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 25 (25) | Nonclinical: good health | BACtrack and SCRAM-CAM | 80% |
| Webster and Gabler, 2008 [46] | Laboratory | Assess how we can measure alcohol consumption with this technology | 15 (15) | Nonclinical: good health | WrisTAS | 80% |
aThe numbers in parentheses in this column are the number of participants that were included in each study after drop outs/withdrawals.
bMMAT: Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.
cTAM: transdermal alcohol monitoring.
dRCT: randomized controlled trial.
eCM: contingency management.
fBrAC: breath alcohol concentration.
gTAC: transdermal alcohol concentration.
hPEM: proton-exchange membrane.
iIoT: Internet of Things.