Table 1.
Enzyme list. Full description of the 29 core enzymes of phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway selected for this study. Plant queries and EC annotation were retrieved from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes - KEGG database.
| Phenylpropanoid/flavonoid core enzymes | Query ID | Plant species | Precursor | Product | EC number | Class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase | NP_181241; NP_187645; NP_190894; NP_196043.2 | Arabidopsis thaliana | phenylalalnine | cinnamic acid | EC:4.3.1.24 | Lyases |
| TAL tyrosine ammonia-lyase | XP_015625120 | Oryza sativa | tyrosine | p-coumaric acid | EC:4.3.1.25 | Lyases |
| C4H trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase | XP_024156591; NP_180607 | Rosa chinensis; Arabidopsis thaliana | cynnamoyl-CoA | various | EC:1.14.14.91 | Oxidoreductases |
| COMT caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase | XP_024166330; NP_001319057.1 | Rosa chinensis; Arabidopsis thaliana | caffeic acid | ferulic acid | EC:2.1.1.68 | Transferases |
| C3H coumarate 3-hydroxylase | AAY54293.1 | Ginkgo biloba | p-coumaric acid | caffeic acid | EC:1.14.14.1 | Oxidoreductases |
| C3′H C3-convertase | O22203.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | p-coumaroyl-CoA | caffeoyl-CoA | EC 1.14.14.96 | Oxidoreductases |
| F5H ferulate 5-hydroxylase | AAF78943.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | ferulic acid | 5-hydroxyferulic acid | EC:1.14.14.B13 | Oxidoreductases |
| 4CL 4-coumarate--CoA ligase | NP_175579; NP_176482.1; NP_188760.3; NP_188761.1; NP_192425.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | p-coumaric acid | p-cumaroyl-CoA | EC:6.2.1.12 | Ligases |
| CCR1 cynnamoyl coA reductase | AAG46037.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | cinnamaldehyde | cinnamoyl-CoA | EC:1.2.1.44 | Oxidoreductases |
| CCR2 cynnamoyl coA reductase | AAG53687.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | cinnamaldehyde | cinnamoyl-CoA | EC:1.2.1.44 | Oxidoreductases |
| CAD cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase | NP_177412.1; NP_179765.1; NP_179780.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | various | various | EC:1.1.1.195 | Oxidoreductases |
| CHS chalcone synthase | NP_001268064; XP_002264989.1; XP_002272129.2; XP_003634064.1; XP_010655919.1; XP_010662500.1 | Vitis vinifera | p-cumaroyl-CoA | naringenin-chalcone | EC:2.3.1.74 | Transferases |
| STS stilbene synthase | NP_001268046.1 | Vitis vinifera | p-coumaroyl-CoA | resveratrol | EC:2.3.1.95 | Transferases |
| ROMT trans-resveratrol di-O-methyltransferase | B6VJS4.2 | Vitis vinifera | resveratrol | pterostilbene | EC:2.1.1.240 | Transferases |
| CHI chalcone isomerase | NP_001268033.1; XP_002280158.1 | Vitis vinifera | naringenin-chalcone | naringenin | EC:5.5.1.6 | Isomerases |
| FNS flavone synthase I | Q7XZQ8 | Vitis vinifera | various | apigenin, luteolin | EC:1.14.20.5 | Oxidoreductases |
| FNS flavone synthase II | XP_024155936; XP_024155939.1; XP_024155941.1 | Rosa chinensis | various | various | EC:1.14.19.76 | Oxidoreductases |
| IFS isoflavone synthase | Q9SXS3.1 | Glycyrrhiza echinata | various | various | EC:1.14.14.87 | Oxidoreductases |
| F3H flavanone3-hydroxylase | NP_190692 | Arabidopsis thaliana | various | various | EC:1.14.11.9 | Oxidoreductases |
| DFR dihydroflavonol 4-reductase | P51102.2 | Arabidopsis thaliana | various | various | EC:1.1.1.219 | Oxidoreductases |
| F2H 2′-hydroxyisoflavone reductase | P52575.1 | Medicago sativa | various | various | EC:1.3.1.45 | Oxidoreductases |
| UFGT (UDP flavonoid glycosyltransferase) | P16165.1 | Zea mays | cyanidin, delphinidin, etc | various | EC:2.4.1.115 | Transferases |
| FS flavonol synthase | NP_001190266.1; XP_015624815.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana; Oryza sativa | dihydrokaempferol | kaempferol | EC:1.14.20.6 | Oxidoreductases |
| F3′H flavanone3′-hydroxylase | NP_196416 | Arabidopsis thaliana | kaempferol | quercetin | EC:1.14.14.82 | Oxidoreductases |
| LAR leucoanthocyanidin reductase | XP_015630916 | Oryza sativa | leucocyanidin | (+)-catechin | EC:1.17.1.3 | Oxidoreductases |
| ANS anthocyanidin synthase | NP_001031700.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | various | various | EC:1.14.20.4 | Oxidoreductases |
| ANR anthocyanidin reductase | XP_015635209.1; XP_015637098; XP_015637099.1 | Oryza sativa | cyanidin | (−)-epicatechin | EC:1.3.1.77 | Oxidoreductases |
| 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase / shikimate dehydrogenase | XP_002884573 | Arabidopsis lyrata | 3-dihydroshikimate | shikimate | EC:4.2.1.10 | Lyases |
| polyphenol oxidase | NP_001268045.1; XP_010647098.2 | Vitis vinifera | various | various | EC:1.10.3.1 | Oxidoreductases |