Table 2.

Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test comparing the pain levels of patients’ groups across the three time points.

Group	n	Time 1	Time 2	Time 3	H
Intervention group	25	8.00 (5.60, 9.05)	3.50 (1.20, 5.30)	0.00 (0.00, 1.30)	47.23
Control group	25	7.20 (4.50, 8.00)	7.90 (7.00, 9.00)	3.60 (2.40, 4.10)	32.71
Z		−1.33	5.22	5.18
P		0.180	0.001	0.001	<0.001

Note: Data are Median (P₂₅, P₇₅). Time 1 = before chest tube removal. Time 2 = 5-min post chest tube removal. Time 3 = 15-min post chest tube removal. Intervention group: Time 1 vs. Time 2, P < 0.01; Time 1 vs. Time 3, P < 0.01; Time 2 vs. Time 3, P < 0.01. Control group: Time 1 vs. Time 2, P > 0.05; Time 1 vs. Time 3, P < 0.01; Time 2 vs. Time 3, P < 0.01.